UNLABELLED Tonic inhibition was imaged in cerebellar granule cells of transgenic mice expressing the optogenetic chloride indicator, Clomeleon. Blockade of GABAA receptors substantially reduced chloride concentration in granule cells due to block of tonic inhibition. This indicates that tonic inhibition is a significant contributor to the resting chloride concentration of these cells. Tonic inh...

Tonic GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition is typically generated by delta subunit-containing extrasynaptic receptors. Because the delta subunit is highly expressed in the thalamus, we tested whether thalamocortical (TC) neurons of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and ventrobasal complex exhibit tonic inhibition. Focal application of gabazine (GBZ) (50 microM) revealed the presence of...

purpose: to report a case of adie’s tonic pupil following chicken pox. case report: a 7-year-old girl with history of chicken pox manifesting one week ago presented with loss of near and far vision in her right eye. the right pupil was larger than the left in room light and abnormal iris configuration was seen with pen light illumination. after instillation of diluted pilocarpine (0.1%) in both...

Lennox–Gastaut syndrome is an epileptic encephalopathy with onset in childhood. The classical triad of diagnostic criteria well known: 1) presence various types refractory seizures (tonic, atypical absences, myoclonic, tonic/atonic drop attacks, generalized tonic-clonic, focal); 2) cognitive disorders frequent behavioral (not always evident by the beginning seizures); 3) generalized, slow (≤2.5...

In central neurons, a tonic conductance is activated by ambient levels of the inhibitory transmitter GABA. Here, we show that in dentate gyrus granule cells, where tonic inhibition is mediated by delta subunit-containing GABA(A) receptors, this conductance is augmented by low concentrations (30 mM) of ethanol. In contrast, the tonic inhibition mediated by alpha5 subunit-containing receptors of ...

In this paper we propose a new approach for tonic identification in Indian art music and present a proposal for a complete iterative system for the same. Our method splits the task of tonic pitch identification into two stages. In the first stage, which is applicable to both vocal and instrumental music, we perform a multi-pitch analysis of the audio signal to identify the tonic pitch-class. Mu...

INTRODUCTION Tinnitus is an auditory phantom percept related to tonic and burst hyperactivity of the auditory system. Two parallel pathways supply auditory information to the cerebral cortex: the tonotopically organised lemniscal system, and the non-tonotopic extralemniscal system, firing in tonic mode and burst mode respectively. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method...

PURPOSE An association between tonic accommodation, the resting accommodative position of the eye in the absence of a visually compelling stimulus, and refractive error has been reported in adults and children. In general, myopes have the lowest (or least myopic) levels of tonic accommodation. The purpose in assessing tonic accommodation was to evaluate it as a predictor of onset of myopia. M...

In central neurons, a tonic conductance is activated by ambient levels of the inhibitory transmitter GABA. Here, we show that in dentate gyrus granule cells, where tonic inhibition is mediated by subunit-containing GABAA receptors, this conductance is augmented by low concentrations (30 mM) of ethanol. In contrast, the tonic inhibition mediated by 5 subunit-containing receptors of CA1 pyramidal...

Subacute and chronic changes in tonic GABAergic inhibition occur in human and experimental epilepsy. Less is known about how tonic inhibition is modulated over shorter time frames (seconds). We measured endogenous tonic GABA currents from cultured rat hippocampal neurons to evaluate how they are affected by 1) transient increases in extracellular GABA concentration ([GABA]), 2) transient postsy...