Abstract Since the Islamic Revolution of 1987, Iran has been affected by economic sanctions imposed by Western countries, especially the U.S. Since 2006 and with the development of the Iranian nuclear conflict, the United Nations has frequently imposed economic and financial sanctions against Iran. As a result of these international restrictions and their administration by an international or...

The conflict between Russia and Ukraine was heating up. Russian military attacks succeeded in taking control of Zaporizhzhia, the major Nuclear Power Plant. This mastery drew world criticism, especially from West with its NATO, responded to by threatening use nuclear weapons if another country intervened conflict. Threat imposed is relevant be assessed employing Deterrence Theory. aim this stud...

We use population genetic models to investigate the cooperative and conflicting synergistic fitness effects between genes from the nucleus and the mitochondrion. By varying fitness parameters, we examine the scope for conflict relative to cooperation among genomes and the utility of the "gene's eye view" analytical approach, which is based on the marginal average fitness of specific alleles. Be...

We use a chemistry-climate model and new estimates of smoke produced by fires in contemporary cities to calculate the impact on stratospheric ozone of a regional nuclear war between developing nuclear states involving 100 Hiroshima-size bombs exploded in cities in the northern subtropics. We find column ozone losses in excess of 20% globally, 25-45% at midlatitudes, and 50-70% at northern high ...

Conflict over Iran’s nuclear program, which involves a US-led policy to impose sanctions on Iran, is perceived by each side as a preeminent challenge to its own national security and global peace. Yet, there is little scientific study or understanding of how material incentives and disincentives, such as economic sanctions, psychologically affect the targeted population and potentially influenc...

Previous molecular phylogenetic studies have recovered conflicting hypotheses of relationship among Juniperus (J), Cupressus (C), and Hesperocyparis-Callitropsis-Xanthocyparis (HCX). Conflict between nuclear genes, chloroplast genes, and nuclear and chloroplast data have all been realized in recovering all possible topologies among the three clades. In this study, we use 2.2 kb of aligned seque...