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We construct a directed social network of coaches based on tutelage, from which we examine community structure based upon connections in the network given by community-detection algorithms. We use this approach to investigate communities of coaches from the National Football League for American football and Major League Baseball, both sports leagues in the United States. We analyse patterns amo...

OBJECTIVE We present the results of the autopsy of a retired professional football player that revealed neuropathological changes consistent with long-term repetitive concussive brain injury. This case draws attention to the need for further studies in the cohort of retired National Football League players to elucidate the neuropathological sequelae of repeated mild traumatic brain injury in pr...

Study Design Systematic review. Objectives To determine the incidence of catastrophic cervical spine injuries (CCSIs) among elite athletes participating in contact team sports and whether the incidence varies depending on the use of protective gear or by player position. Methods Electronic databases and reference lists of key articles published from January 1, 2000, to January 29, 2016, were se...

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine the epidemiology and history of knee injury and its impact on activity limitation among football premier league professional referees in Iran. METHODS This was a descriptive study. 59 Football Premier League professional referees participated in the study. The knee injury related information such as injury history and mechanism was recorde...

State concussion laws and sport-league policies are important tools for protecting public health, but also present implementation challenges. Both state laws and league policies often require athletes provide written acknowledgement of having received concussion-related information and/or of their responsibility to report concussion-related symptoms. This paper examines these requirements in tw...

Politness Strategies in Comments on Instagram Official Accounts of Indonesian and English Football Leagues ABSTRAKPenelitian berikut melihat kesantunan dalam komentar orang Indonesia dan Inggris konteks sepak bola, serta menganalisis santun melalui bidal prinsip kesantunan. Data yang diambil dari 5 unggahan setiap akun liga bola Inggris. didapatkan ada mengandung merupakan pada rentang waktu 30...

the purpose of this study was to evaluate sport marketing mix factor and its seven components (production, price, promotion, place, public relations, people and physical evidence) in football premier league from the viewpoint of managers of physical education organization and football federation of islamic republic of iran. for this purpose, a researcher-made questionnaire (cronbach's alph...

Until recently, the position of quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) was not an option for black athletes. Today many teams employ black quarterbacks, a development that might suggest race is no longer relevant when it comes to the evaluation of signal callers in the NFL. To examine this contention, this paper explores the relationship between player salary, performance, and race a...