The plateau features that characterize the low-frequency spectra of fundamental strong-fi eld processes such as harmonic generation, above-threshold ionization and laserassisted electron-atom scattering are shown to exist also for photon energies Eγ of the order of the energy |E0| of a bound electron. The existence of these rescattering effects in such a high-frequency (and thus nontunnelling) ...

We analyse the ionization state of the magnetohydrodynamically turbulent protoplanetary disks and propose a new mechanism of sustaining ionization. First, we show that in the quasi-steady state of turbulence driven by magnetorotational instability in a typical protoplanetary disk with dust grains the amount of energy dissipation should be sufficient for providing the ionization energy that is r...

The transition between two distinct ionization mechanisms in femtosecond laser fields at 785 nm is observed for C60 molecules. The transition occurs in the investigated intensity range from 3 to 20 TW/cm2 and is visualized in electron kinetic energy spectra below the one-photon energy (1.5 eV) obtained via velocity map imaging. Assignment of several observed broad spectral peaks to ionization f...

In this study, the substituent effect on the electronic, spectroscopic properties and thermodynamic parameters of neutral and oxidized states of ferrocylidene acetophenone complexes was investigated by adopting the hybrid meta exchange-correlation functional of M06-2X. The frontier orbitals and the highest occupied molecular orbitals–lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals gaps of the substituted ...

An equation of state for the domain extending from hot gases to cool-dense fluids is formulated for a hydrogen-helium mixture. The physical processes take account of temperature ionization and dissociation, electron degeneracy, Coulomb coupling and pressure ionization. Pressure ionization and Coulomb coupling are studied with simple and comprehensive modeling. A single and complete algorithm is...

The U+O chemi-ionization reaction has been investigated by quantum chemical methods. Potential-energy curves have been calculated for several electronic states of UO and UO(+). Comparison with the available spectroscopic and thermodynamic values for these species is reported and a mechanism for the chemi-ionization reaction U+O-->UO(+)+e(-) is proposed. The U+O and Sm+O chemi-ionization reactio...

To clarify the ionization mechanism of large molecules under multi-photon ionization conditions, photo-electron spectroscopic studies on anthracene have been performed with electron imaging technique. Electron kinetic energy distributions below a few eV reveal that three kinds of ionization channels coexist, viz., vertical ionization, ionization from Rydberg states, and thermionic hot electron ...

1) Define first and second ionization potentials. Why is the second ionization potential greater than the first ionization potential? Discuss three factors affecting IP values of elements? Ans. The minimum energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from an isolated gaseous atom to convert it into a gaseous ion is called first ionization potential. It is expressed in e.v/atom or k...

The central r81e of the adenosinephosphates in biochemical mechanisms depends upon their phospholylation and dephosphorylation reactions (l3). The equilibria of these reactions depend upon pH, and therefore information concerning the various ionization constants is of fundamental importance. With the aid of the various ionization constants it, is possible (a) to calculate the variation in the e...

New methods of dosimetry in computed tomography (CT) X-ray fields require the use of high-resolution detectors instead of pencil-type ionization chambers typically used for CT dose index (CTDI) measurements. This paper presents a study on the suitability of a wide range of ionization chambers, diodes, and a two-dimensional detector array, used primarily in radiation therapy, for CT and cone-bea...