Although the 2009 American Joint Committee on Cancer incorporated the internal mammary sentinel lymph node biopsy (IM-SLNB) concept, there has been little change in surgical practice patterns due to the low visualization rate of internal mammary sentinel lymph nodes with the traditional injection technique. Meanwhile, as internal mammary lymph nodes (IMLN) metastases are mostly found concomitan...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A cohort study was performed as part of a European Radiation Protection Program to investigate the carcinogenic effect of treatment with ionizing radiation in early childhood. This paper presents mortality after radiotherapy in this cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS The cohort comprised 7037 patients under 15 years of age treated for a skin hemangioma between 1940 and 1973 a...

--3-dimensional breast radiotherapy is the most prevalent techniques, carried out in all radiotherapy centers of the world including Iran. The objective of this study is to investigate the dose rate supplied to the opposite breast during the radiotherapy of breast cancer using the designing method of 3-dimensional therapy. 32 female patients suffering from breast cancer participated in this stu...

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Nasopharyngeal necrosis is an unusual sequelae after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). It is mostly managed by conservative treatment, but the efficacy is unsatisfied. This study was to investigate the efficacy of endoscopy-guided debridement on irradiation-related nasopharyngeal necrosis in NPC patients after radiotherapy. METHODS Between Jul. 2006 and M...

External radiation beam treatment of cancer tumours involves delivery of invisible radiation beams through the body where internal structures can not be seen. Beam targeting of patient anatomy has to very accurate to achieve the desired therapeutic result. Good understanding of radiotherapy treatment (RT) concepts is essential to training. This paper presents a virtual environment simulator dev...

Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most common known cancers in women all around the world. It is the most common cause of death in women after lung cancer. Radiotherapy is a method for therapy of cancer in which certain dose of high energy radiations is used to destruct cancer cells. Radiotherapy is designed so that radiation of eartain does to the target area in body i...

The need to establish conditions for safe irradiation was noted in Poland back in 1986 in the Atomic Law, but for over 16 years no regulations regarding this aspect were passed. The radiological incident in Bialystok (Poland) in 2001 undeniably accelerated the implementation of new legal regulations. Nevertheless, in the absence of national guidelines until 2002, most health care institutions r...

Respiration-gated radiotherapy for tumor sites affected by respiratory motion will potentially improve radiotherapy outcomes by allowing reduced treatment margins leading to decreased complication rates and/or increased tumor control. Furthermore, for intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), respiratory gating will minimize the hot and cold spot artifacts in dose distributions that may occur as...