In contrast to most fluids, flowing powders do not exhibit viscosity such that a Newtonian rheology cannot accurately describe granular flow. Assuming that the material is incompressible, dry, cohesionless, and perfectly rigid-plastic, generalized Navier-Stokes equations (’Schaeffer Model’) have been derived where the velocity gradient has been replaced by the shear rate, and the viscosity depe...

An anchored sheet wall is commonly used in retaining deep excavations. Anchor force is one of the critical design parameters in practice. Based on the kinematical admissible failure mechanism, a limit analysis approach to determine the anchor force is presented. The explicit formula for the anchor force is given, which makes it easy to calculate using a simple calculation program such as MS Off...

uniaxial compressive strength (ucs) and internal friction coefficient (µ) are the most important strength parameters of rock. they could be determined either by laboratory tests or from empirical correlations. the laboratory analysis sometimes is not possible for many reasons. on the other hand, due to changes in rock compositions and properties, none of the correlations could be applied as an ...

It i s emphasized t h a t a d i s t r i b u t i o n func t ion i n both the d i s l o c a t i o n loop lengths and obstac le s t rengths must be considered t o develop a q u a n t i t a t i v e theory f o r the h y s t e r e t i c d i s s i p a t i o n o f energy. That i s when d i s l o c a t i o n surmounts an undulat ing i n t e r n a l s t ress f i e l d and t h e break-away i s r e s t r i...

The safe and sustainable design of rock slopes, open-pit mines, tunnels, foundations, underground excavations requires appropriate reliable estimation strength deformation characteristics. Cohesion (????) angle internal friction (????) are the two key parameters widely used to characterize shear materials. Thus, prediction these is essential evaluate stability any formation. In this study, four...

Soil reinforcement can be considered as the combination of two parts. One part is soil for compressive stress capacity and another part is some material such as geosynthetics such as steel belts and fibers for tensile stress capacity. Soil improvement is one of the useful methods to increase the strength parameters of the soil. The main goal of this study is to evaluate the effects of GFRP on t...

In an era of continued economic development around the globe, numerous rock-related projects including mining and gas/oil exploration are undertaken in regions with cold climates. Winters in the Iranian western and northwestern provinces are characterized by a high precipitation rate and a cold weather. Under such conditions, rocks are exposed to long freezing periods and several freeze-thaw (F...

To accommodate major civil engineering projects in or in the vicinity of peatlands, it is essential to stabilise peat deposits. On the other hand, the accumulation of waste tyres in recent decades has caused environmental problems around the world. An effective remedy for both issues is to use scrap tyre material to stabilise problematic peat soils. This article reports an experimental investig...