Abstract Internal erosion is susceptible to occur in conditions where there are cracks or pre-formed cavities at the interface between dam foundation and embankment. The initiation of internal related critical gradient ( I c ) hydraulic xy a certain position. addition repair materials improvement will change total head, especially on foundation, so value also simultaneously from upstream downst...

The Isère River system drains parts of the Western Alps in south-eastern France. Zircon fission-track data of the Isère River and its tributaries show a range of apparent cooling ages from about 7 to 150 Ma. Zircons with Jurassic to early Tertiary cooling ages are derived from partially reset or non-reset sedimentary cover units of the internal and external Alps, while grains belonging to the m...

Extensive resources have been allocated to diagnose and minimize lifetime-limiting factors in gridded ion thrusters. While most of this effort has focused on grid erosion, results from wear tests indicate that discharge cathode erosion may also play an important role in limiting the lifetime of ring-cusp ion thrusters proposed for future large flagship missions. The detailed characterization of...