We have developed a formal validation tool that has been used in several projects that are developing software for AT&T's 5ESS TM telephone switching system. The tool validates networks of communicating processes speciied in the Virtual Finite State Machine (VFSM) notation, which is used during the low-level-design phase of software development to specify the control behavior of an implementati...

For the purposes of this paper, data mining involves: Predictive modeling (Estimating parameters is not of major interest) Nonnormal data with nonlinear relationships Large data sets This paper will not cover issues regarding small data sets, such as Bayesian predictive distributions, or tree-based models, for which specialized methods are available for handling missing data. Missing data are a...

Though asynchronous design has been studied for decades, some objective design diicul-ties made synchronous design style more suitable for commercial applications. The promise of no clock skew, the higher degree of modularity, the low power consumption, have generated a resurgence of interest of the scientiic community for asynchronous logic. More than two decades of uncontrasted dominion of sy...

Synaptic inputs on dendrites are nonlinearly converted to action potential outputs, yet the spatiotemporal patterns of dendritic activation remain to be elucidated at single-synapse resolution. In rodents, we optically imaged synaptic activities from hundreds of dendritic spines in hippocampal and neocortical pyramidal neurons ex vivo and in vivo. Adjacent spines were frequently synchronized in...

The problem of incentives has arisen in a number of economic contexts, including most recently as a general issue in the design and analysis of resource allocation mechanisms [c.f. Hurwicz (1973)]. Most simply, the incentive problem concerns the rationale there is (or can be provided) for economic agents to follow prescribed rules of behavior designed to achieve some objective, usually an effic...

In the process of production, some of the inputs are fixed and cannot easily be changed, such as work hours of workers and hours of administrative or work, these types of inputs are fixed and others are variables. In this paper, by considering some inputs or outputs which are limited, their amounts must be integrated; this concept for integer data is extended. We show the importance of subject ...

the measurement of rts amounts measures a relationship between inputs and outputs in a production structure. there are many different ways to calculate rts in primal or dual space. but in more realistic cases, governments usually intervene on dmu’s behavior as regulatory agency, this clearly represent a set of limitations and restrictions on behaviors of dmus, so very few decisions in dmus are ...