Essential functions of neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) in regulating afferent and efferent innervation of the cochlea have been characterized by comparison of normal and NT-3 mutant mice. NT-3 deficiency has striking, region-specific effects, with complete loss of sensory neurons in the basal turn and dramatic but incomplete neuronal loss in the middle and apical turns. The sensory innervation of inner a...

The interplay between olfactory activity and cholinergic modulation remains to be fully understood. This report examines the pattern of cholinergic innervation throughout the murine main olfactory bulb across different developmental stages and in naris-occluded animals. To visualize the pattern of cholinergic innervation, we used a transgenic mouse model, which expresses a fusion of the microtu...

The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of sympathetic innervation in human muscle spindles, using antibodies against neuropeptide Y (NPY), NPY receptors and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). A total of 232 muscle spindles were immunohistochemically examined. NPY and NPY receptors were found on the intrafusal fibers, on the blood vessels supplying muscle spindles and on free nerve...

The skin is densely innervated with an intricate network of cutaneous nerves, neuromediators and specific receptors which influence a variety of physiological and disease processes. There is emerging evidence that cutaneous innervation may play an important role in mediating wound healing. This review aims to comprehensively examine the evidence that signifies the role of innervation during the...

A dissociation between voluntary and emotional facial innervation is described in a patient with a pure motor stroke due to a unilateral ischaemic pontine infarction. Voluntary facial innervation of the contralateral orbicularis oris muscle was affected whereas emotionally induced innervation of the same muscle was spared. This report provides evidence that fibres conveying voluntary and emotio...

Damages in pelvic floor muscles often cause dysfunction of the entire urogenital system, which is clinically challenging. A bioengineered skeletal muscle construct that mimics structural and functional characteristics native could provide a therapeutic option to restore normal function. However, most current constructs are unable timely innervation necessary for successful grafting recovery. We...

Background: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who undergo chronic haemodialysis (HD) show altered sympathetic tone, which is related to a higher cardiovascular mortality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of transition from pre-HD to HD on cardiac sympathetic innervation. Methods: Eighteen patients aged 58 ± 18 years (mean ± standard deviation [SD]), 13 males and ...

Sympathetic nerves stimulate cardiac function through the release of norepinephrine and the activation of cardiac beta(1)-adrenergic receptors. The sympathetic innervation of the heart is sculpted during development by chemoattractive factors including nerve growth factor (NGF) and the chemorepulsive factor semaphorin 3a. NGF acts through the TrkA receptor and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75...

BACKGROUND Modified radical neck dissection (mRND) [preserving the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) and the spinal accessory nerve] and supraomohyoid neck dissection have become common surgical procedures for treating head and neck cancer. Postoperative severe asymmetry of the neck and severe atrophy of the SCM, however, have been demonstrated. METHODS Using computed tomographic images, cross...