Background: The H9N2 subtype of the influenza virus, which is endemic in many regions of Iran, is considered as a candidate for future pandemics. In the present study, excretion time of the Iranian endemic influenza virus (H9N2 subtype) from the feces and pharyngeal secretions of laying chicken breeds was evaluated. Methods: This experimental study conducted at the Diagnostic Laboratory Scienc...

Influenza C virus (Fig.1), which belongs to the genus Influenza C Virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae, was first isolated from a patient with respiratory illness in 1947 (Taylor, 1949). It is widely distributed throughout the world and the majority of humans acquire antibodies to the virus early in life (Homma et al., 1982; Nishimura et al., 1987). The virus usually causes a mild upper respira...

conclusions taken together, these data reveal that cellular protease of chicken liver cells allows the replication of high yields of h9n2 virus in the absence of trypsin and also cell death in the infected cells is due to necrosis. results the degree of viability was significantly reduced in infected hepatoma cells. observations of caspase activation and cell dna laddering in infected cells wer...

results 111 female and 142 male were available from a total of 253 confirmed h1n1 cases. the minimum and maximum ages were 1.5 and 90 years, respectively. the most common symptoms were fever and cough. 144 cases had record of hospitalization, 100 cases were undergone outpatient treatment and nine cases have not recorded the treatment status. the most frequent underlying manifestation was hypert...

Background and Aims: Influenza virus is a major pathogen involved in respiratory illnesses during winter seasons. A variety of diagnostic methods have been developed to identify influenza viruses in clinical specimen. Methods: Nasal and pharyngeal samples taken from patients were inoculated into Madin-Darby canine kidney (MOCK) cells and embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs). The culture media was a...

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) affect a wide range of birds and mammals, cause severe economic damage to the poultry industry, and pose a serious threat to humans. Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAI) H5N1 were first identified in Southeast Asia in 1996 and spread to four continents over the following years. The viruses have caused high mortality in chickens and various bird species ...

Background and Aims: Influenza A virus of Orthomyxoviridae family is able to create pandemic influenza. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza virus infection. Matrix protein 2 (M2) is a homotetramer ion channel with 97 amino acids length and highly conserved among influenza viruses and is considered for development of a universal influenza vaccine. Materials and Methods: We...

background: influenza a virus is the most virulent human pathogen and causes the most serious problem. having epidemiological knowledge about this disease is important. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of influenza a/h3n2 virus infection in northern iran from 2011 to 2013 using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). methods: in this cross-sectional study 57 sampl...

Background and Aims: Each year, the influenza virus causes moderate to severe infections with a high prevalence throughout the world. Accordingly, an influenza vaccine that ensures protection with only a single dose would be a much more cost effective approach to influenza prophylaxis. Generation of Influenza non-replicating virus-like particles (VLP) in baculoviral expression system is an attr...