New treatments that are potentially as effective as existing treatments are increasingly being developed, some of which may be preferred because of lower cost, fewer side effects, easier administration or less harm. Non-inferiority trials attempt to establish whether or not a new treatment -- drug or non-drug -- is no worse than an established treatment for which efficacy has been determined in...

BACKGROUND Non-inferiority trials are performed when the main therapeutic effect of the new therapy is expected to be not unacceptably worse than that of the standard therapy, and the new therapy is expected to have advantages over the standard therapy in costs or other (health) consequences. These advantages however are not included in the classic frequentist approach of sample size calculatio...

This article introduces the internationalisation and interculturality from Neohumanist perspective. Neohumanism was propounded by great Indian philosopher Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar (1921-1990). As a key approach to internationalisation, emphasised manifestation of human qualities that lie in subtle layers mind. Humanism newly explained newly-sermonized is – philosophy which will make people underst...

Two approaches of multiple decision processes are proposed for unifying the non-inferiority, equivalence and superiority tests in a comparative clinical trial for a new drug against an active control. One is a method of confidence set with confidence coefficient 0.95 improving the conventional 0.95 confidence interval in the producer's risk and also the consumer's risk in some cases. It require...

China’s military planners like to claim that in overall terms, the PLA is technologically inferior if compared with its potential adversaries. Such inferiority will continue in the foreseeable future, even though the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has made some progress in modernizing its weaponry in recent years. On the other hand, the strategic principles of the PLA have undergone a major shi...

The existing system of primary prevention the spread drug addiction is based on informing population about inevitable negative consequences use psychoactive substances and (to a lesser extent) basics safe behavior that prevents involvement in consumption (surfactants). In this article, study was conducted relationship between level psychological health substances. following factors – goals are ...

Switching between testing for superiority and non-inferiority has been an important statistical issue in the design and analysis of active controlled clinical trial. In practice, it is often conducted with a two-stage testing procedure. It has been assumed that there is no type I error rate adjustment required when either switching to test for non-inferiority once the data fail to support the s...

BACKGROUND A two-arm non-inferiority trial without a placebo is usually adopted to demonstrate that an experimental treatment is not worse than a reference treatment by a small pre-specified non-inferiority margin due to ethical concerns. Selection of the non-inferiority margin and establishment of assay sensitivity are two major issues in the design, analysis and interpretation for two-arm non...