introduction antiphospholipid syndrome (aps) associated with intra-cardiac thrombus and pulmonary embolism is infrequent. however, the presence of pleural effusion is extremely rare. case presentation a 42-year-old woman, admitted with palpitation, dyspnea and history of stroke and thrombocytopenia is described. doppler sonography revealed deep vein thrombosis. moreover, subsequent investigatio...

Congenital vascular anomalies are although rare but may cause serious complications. Vascular pathologies are best demonstrated by contrast enhanced computed tomography, with the advent of multidetector computed tomography and applying multiplanar reformation techniques. However, ultrasound color Doppler and catheter angiography are accessory imaging modalities utilized to rule out vascular ano...

Inferior vena cava anomalies are rare, occurring in up to 8.7% of the population, as left renal vein anomalies are considered. The inferior vena cava develops from the sixth to the eighth gestational weeks, originating from three paired embryonic veins, namely the subcardinal, supracardinal and postcardinal veins. This complex ontogenesis of the inferior vena cava, with multiple anastomoses bet...

A right-sided thoracotomy was performed for pulmonary metastases in an asymptomatic patient. Preoperative computed tomography (CT) scan showed partial thrombosis or agenesis of the inferior vena cava (Fig. 1). Intra-operatively, an impressive dilation of the azygos vein was noted (Fig. 2). The azygos vein or superior vena cava was not invaded by tumour. Fig. 1. Preoperative thoracic CT scan sho...

The renal veins drain the kidney into the inferior vena cava and unite in a variable fashion to form the renal vein. The left renal vein is normally located in front of the aorta. However, the retro-aortic renal vein may course posterior to the aorta due to embryological developmental anomalies. During educational dissection, a rare variation of the left renal vein was found in a 66-year old ma...

At present there is no reliable method of recognising atrial isomerism by two dimensional echocardiography. We therefore used two dimensional echocardiography to examine 158 patients including 25 with atrial isomerism and four with situs inversus. Particular attention was paid to the short and long axis subcostal scans of the abdomen. Using the position of the inferior vena cava and the aorta w...