Inspired by direct and indirect maximal center gauge methods which identify vortices in lattice calculations, using the connection formalism, we show that under some appropriate transformations, chains appear continuum limit of QCD vacuum.

Accurately determining the black hole mass ($M_\mathrm{BH}$) in active galactic nuclei (AGN) is crucial to constraining their properties and studying evolution. While direct methods yield reliable measurements of $M_\mathrm{BH}$ unobscured type 1 AGN, where dynamics stellar or gas components can be directly observed, only indirect applied vast majority heavily absorbed 2 which represent most AG...