T state of the global oceans is rapidly deteriorating, with dire consequences for marine species (Jackson et al. 2001). Historically,most conservation efforts have focused on terrestrial systems, but it is becoming increasingly apparent that conservation efforts are urgently required for the oceans as well (Myers et al. 1997, Casey and Myers 1998). Recently, significant attention has been given...

Exclusion and not using of rangeland in the long term affects the composition and homogeneity of vegetation and consequently leads to the improvement of plants status. In this study, the characteristics and structural changes of the rangeland of Gonbad, Hamadan province, Iran, in 2014 (after 20 years of enclosure) were evaluated using Braun-Blanquet plot, Phytosociology and multivariate analysi...

S pecies whose presence or abundance readily reflect some measure of the character of the habitat within which they are found are often identified as bioindicators 1 , most frequently to monitor changes within a particular habitat. In spite of the intuitive appeal of bioindication, largely as a consequence of its cost-effectiveness in the face of urgent conservation issues, indicator studies fr...

We review critical issues that must be considered when selecting indicator species for a monitoring program that aims to maintain or restore ecological integrity. First, we examine the pros and cons of different management approaches on which a conservation program can be based and conclude that ecosystem management is most appropriate. We then identify potential indicators of ecological integr...

Schulz, Bethany K.; Bechtold, William A.; Zarnoch, Stanley J. 2009. Sampling and estimation procedures for the vegetation diversity and structure indicator. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-781. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 53 p. The Vegetation Diversity and Structure Indicator (VEG) is an extensive inventory of vascular plants in the ...

An updated trophic model of the southern Benguela ecosystem in the period 2004−2008 was constructed, complementing trophic models for earlier periods. The model represents the trophic structure of the system after a southward shift of major resources. There was an increase in biomass of small pelagic fish and cephalopods between the 1980s and 2004–2008 periods, accompanied by declines in severa...

In both ecological research and engineering, the selection of indicator species is crucial. Biodiversity has always been an important policy objective for ecologists environmental managers. Based on this target requirement, we developed a method that reveals individual contributions to biodiversity quantitatively identify during monitoring. The Siangshan Wetland in Hsinchu, Taiwan, was selected...

The method of photochemical indicators is a way to evaluate the sensitivity of O3 to its two main precursors, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and reactive organic gases (ROG), directly from ambient measurements. The method is based on identifying measureable species or species ratios that are closely associated with O3-NOx-ROG predictions in photochemical models. Several species of this type have been id...