The goal of this work is to synchronize a class of chaotic oscillators in a master-slave scheme, under different initial conditions, considering several slaves systems. The Chen oscillator is employed as a benchmark model and a nonlinear observer is proposed to reach synchronicity between the master and the slaves' oscillators. The proposed observer contains a proportional and integral form of ...

Abstract Using probate inventories from multiple locations in the Ottoman central lands, this article offers a quantitative perspective on long-term patterns of slaveholding, slave prices, and demand for slaves. Findings include continual decline slave-ownership related indicators across all social groups strata, prices connection with trafficking Africa eighteenth century. The investment prefe...

Lovejoy argues that sufficient information exists about individuals taken as captives in the slave trade to allow historians to dispense with a generalized notion of a "traditional" African background for New World blacks and, accordingly, to articulate the African-ness of the black diaspora with ethnic and historical specificity. Lovejoy concedes there are difficulties involved with absorbing ...

Four recent books present a comprehensive and progressively more intimate view of slavery and slaves in Peru. One focuses on the slave trade starting as early as the Arab expansion across Northern Africa in the seventh century. A second summarizes the evidence on abolitionist sentiment. The last two use scores of stories of individuals to show how the slaves themselves were agents of their own ...

This paper offers an integrated analysis of the forces shaping the emergence of the African slave trade over the early modern period. We focus our attention on two questions. First, why most of the increase in the demand for slaves during this period came exclusively from western Europeans. Second, and of most relevance for present-day development outcomes, why was the overwhelming majority of ...

many of the contemporary authors and researchers such as c. bartholomae (the author of the book “zum sassanidischem recht”) and arthur christensen (the author of the book “iran in the sassanian period”), believe that women had a very bad status in the sassanian period, being dealt with as slaves or objects. however, studying the religious and non-religious resources of this period, including av...