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I Introduction By linking climatic variations with the fundamental biological requirement of water availability , drought is a primary topic within applied climatology. Drought acts as a unifying climatological approach that provides valuable information for agricultural, ecological, and hydrological applications. While a lack of water is straightforward to comprehend and appreciate, a wide arr...

The authors build on their efforts to understand and predict coastal hurricane activity by developing statistical seasonal forecast models that can be used operationally. The modeling strategy uses May–June averaged values representing the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Southern Oscillation index (SOI), and the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation to predict the probabilities of observing U...

A new and relatively straightforward approach to interpolating and spatially averaging air temperature from weather-station observations is introduced and evaluated using yearly station averages taken from the Jones et al. archive. All available terrestrial station records over the period from 1881 through to 1988 are examined. Called climatologically aided interpolation, or CAI, our procedure ...

The climatological characteristics of total ozone over Estonia based on the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data are discussed. The mean annual cycle during 1979–2000 for the site at 58.3 N and 26.5 E is compiled. The available ground-level data interpolated before TOMS, have been used for trend detection. During the last two decades, the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) corrected syste...

An assay technique, homogeneous enzyme immunoassay, is described for the quantitative determination of morphine derivatives in biological fluids. An enzyme is labeled with morphine. When the enzymelabeled morphine is bound by antimorphine antibodies, the enzyme is rendered inactive. Free morphine competes with enzyme-morphine for antibody binding sites preventing inhibition of enzyme activity. ...

Blended satellite–ship evaporation and SSM/I retrieved precipitation fields are used to compute oceanic freshwater budget (FWB) and transport (FWT) over a 3-year period (1988–90). In order to validate the results, comparisons on monthly, seasonal, and multiyear average bases are performed with ECMWF analyzed field and climatology respectively. For May 1988, differences between ECMWF output and ...

The simulation of major midwinter stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs) in six stratosphere-resolving general circulation models (GCMs) is examined. The GCMs are compared to a new climatology of SSWs, based on the dynamical characteristics of the events. First, the number, type, and temporal distribution of SSW events are evaluated. Most of the models show a lower frequency of SSW events than th...

A viable simplified climate model using a three-layer representation of the earth is described. The distinct layers correspond to the earth’s surface, lower atmosphere, and upper atmosphere. By considering the fact that any inequality of inward and outward energy fluxes would adjust to equilibrium according to blackbody laws, it is possible to generate layer-centric equations of climate variabl...

Technical note: A stratospheric climatology for O3, H2O and CH4 derived from HALOE measurements J.-U. Grooß and J. M. Russell III Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre I: Stratosphäre (ICG I), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany Hampton University, Hampton VA, USA Received: 11 April 2005 – Accepted: 15 April 2005 – Published: 12 May 2005 Correspondence to: J.-U. Grooß (j.-u.grooss...