this research examines the behavior of soil-reinforced piles and applied loads based on the analytical method and by using the numerical results of flac3d software for comparison with the analytical results. the analysis was based on a method called virtual retaining wall, the following into consideration: an imaginary retaining wall that passes the footing edge the bearing capacity of footing ...

This paper presents an effective optimization method for nonlinear constrained optimization of retaining structures. The proposed algorithm is based on the particle swarm optimization with passive congregation. The optimization procedure controls all geotechnical and structural design constraints while reducing the overall cost of the retaining wall. To applying the constraints, the algorithm e...

Granular materials have a tendency to exhibit an arching effect by which the load is transferred from yielding parts to adjacent stationary parts. Retaining walls are among those structures that the soil arching plays an important role in the distribution of earth pressures. This paper briefly reviews the development of soil arching theory and its application to different geotechnical projects....

In recent years, various studies have been undertaken on how to use waste materials in civil engineering projects. Among waste materials, waste rubber has been highlighted to be used for different purposes such as reinforcing of soil and making of reinforced slopes. To investigate the properties of granulated rubber-soil mixture and its application in making of slopes behind retaining walls, so...