For every 100 purified proteins that enter crystallization trials, an average of 30 form crystals, and among these only 13-15 crystallize in a form that enables structure determination. In 2007, Dong et al reported that the addition of trace amounts of protease to crystallization trials--in situ proteolysis--significantly increased the number of proteins in a given set that produce diffraction ...

purpose : to investigate the sensations experienced by chinese patients during refractive surgery including the laser in situ keratomileusis (lasik), epi-lasik, and sub-bowman keratomileusis (sbk) techniques. a prospective, randomized, and self-matched clinical study was conducted. methods : the participants included 44 men and 58 women aged 16 to 47 years old (mean 24.3±0.6 years) who underwen...

The objective of this work was to study the polymorphic transformation of carbamazepine from Form II to Form III in 1-propanol during seeded isothermal batch crystallization. First, the pure Form II and Form III were obtained and characterized. Then their solubilities and metastable zone limits were measured by in-situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrosc...

this study was conducted to determine the chemical composition, digestibility, degradability and nutritive value of madder, rubia tinctorum l.  and alfalfa medicago sativa. using in vitro and in situ measurements. the mean values for om, cp, ndf, adf and ee were 892.5, 172.0, 306.5, 219.4 and 16.0 g/kg dm for madder hay, and 921.3, 141.4, 482.0, 361.1 and 6.50 g/kg dm for alfalfa hay, respectiv...

a fourth-generation ziegler-natta catalyst was prepared to synthesize polypropylene (pp), which was stabilized by in situ polymerization employing lignin as antioxidant. the antioxidant properties of lignin were compared with those of the commercial antioxidant irganox 1010. the presence of lignin in the reaction medium slightly decreased the catalytic activity of the reaction. the isotacticity...

Crystallization of the drug entacapone from binary solvent mixtures was monitored in situ using a Raman optical probe. The recorded Raman spectra and statistical analysis, which included the principal components method and indirect hard modeling made it possible to estimate the starting point of crystallization, to assess crystallization temperatures and to provide information on the polymorphi...

A combination of two analytical methods, time-resolved X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy, is presented as a novel tool for crystallization studies. An acoustic levitator was employed as sample environment. This setup enables the acquisition of XRD and Raman data in situ simultaneously within a 20 s period and hence permits investigation of polymorphic phase transitions during the c...

Kinetic modeling of batch reactions monitored by in situ spectroscopy has been shown to be a helpful method for developing a complete understanding of reaction systems. Much work has been carried out to demonstrate the ability to model dissolution, reaction, and crystallization processes separately; however, little has been performed in terms of combining all of these into one comprehensive kin...