Experimental studies in insects have shown how sperm competition can be a potent selective force acting on an array of male reproductive traits . However, the role of sperm quality in determining paternity in insects has been neglected, despite the fact that sperm quality has been shown to influence the outcome of sperm competition in vertebrates . A recent comparative analysis found that males...

This paper takes it as a premise that a distinction between matters of fact and of law is important in the causal inquiry. But it argues that separating factual and legal causation as different elements of liability is not the best way to implement the fact/law distinction. It is partly a legal question what counts as a cause-in-fact; and certain liabilitylimiting doctrines under the umbrella o...

The gradual movement away from traditional common law doctrines of sovereign and official immunity over the past 40 years has generally been hailed as a victory for individual rights. author argues that these gains must be weighed against such dangers inappropriate judicial intrusion in administrative matters decline capacity to govern.

The federal antitrust laws1 “represent a fundamental national economic policy.”2 They govern virtually every business activity in the country, and seek to protect “unfettered competition in the marketplace.”3 As economics teaches, unrestrained competition generally produces the best allocation of society’s resources,4 and creates incentives for innovation and product development by rewarding th...

the causation (tasbib) is a ground of liability in law which leads to compensation of damages in civil law and punishment in criminal law. as causation being discussed in both civil law and criminal law separately, it is generally perceived that the causation in civil law is different from that of criminal law. by reviewing the roots and conditions of causation, it becomes clear that the nature...

at a superficial level it seems that owning a monopolistic right is in contrast with competitiveness of the market, and exercising this right will prevent the free trade from being competitive. but the truth is that the existence of monopoly is not always a violation of competition law to be harmful to the trade, quite the reverse, in some cases it interacts with principles of competition law, ...