AIMS To measure the frequency of syringe borrowing in young Irish injecting drug users (IDUs) and identify associated characteristics. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTING Addiction treatment services in Dublin. PARTICIPANTS Treated IDUs (N = 246). MEASUREMENTS Data on drug injecting and syringe borrowing in the previous 6 months. FINDINGS The median age was 22 years and the median ...

a contractual relationship is commonly based on statements, expectations, acts and omissions out of which some will, and others will not, give rise to contractual obligations. to avoid uncertainty as to what is agreed, the contract parties often enter into a written contract that is supposed to express the final agreement between them and prevent the parties from relying on rights and obligatio...

The aim of this paper is to provide a plausible possibility to analyse bidirectional syncretism patterns of the type Stump (2001) has described for several languages. For many morphological frameworks an analysis of these syncretism patterns poses several problems, because one must stipulate directional rules to ensure the right marker distribution. The mechanism can be seen as a possible exten...

documentary credit or letter of credit (lc) is one of the methods of payment in international commerce. the documentary credit is a binding commitment from the issuing bank to pay a sum of money to the beneficiary on certain conditions. the applicant needs to contract with an issuing bank to open a lc. the legal nature of such contract is a controversy issue and thus different opinions are brou...

We conduct a field experiment offering graduated microcredit clients the opportunity to finance business asset worth four times their previous borrowing limit. implement this using hire purchase contract; our control group is offered zero-interest loan. find large, significant and persistent effects from contracts: treated microenterprise owners run larger businesses enjoy higher profits; conse...

the condition within the contract is a principle that has been recognized in the islamic law but there is disagreement among the authorities concerning its impact on the condition of the contract in the two stages of formation and continuation of the contract. in the formation stage, the difference is in terms of the relation between the condition and the subject, concerning which, from among t...