The coevolutionary dynamics in finite populations currently is investigated in a wide range of disciplines, as chemical catalysis, biological evolution, social and economic systems. The dynamics of those systems can be formulated within the unifying framework of evolutionary game theory. However it is not a priori clear which mathematical description is appropriate when populations are not infi...

What determines the vulnerability of protected areas, a fundamental component of biodiversity conservation, to political instability and warfare? We investigated the efficacy of park protection at Garamba National Park (Democratic Republic of Congo) before, during and after a period of armed conflict. Previous analysis has shown that bushmeat hunting in the park increased fivefold during the co...

The concept of protecting civilians in armed conflict is enshrined in international humanitarian law and widely acknowledged in humanitarian norms. Making this concept operational in humanitarian service delivery is a challenge. Yet, there are many ways in which humanitarian workers could learn from local people about underlying tensions in their community and with these new insights adjust ser...

In this paper, we analyze corporate bonds with a rating-triggered stepup provision in a continuous-time framework with bankruptcy costs and tax benefits. While without any further frictions, step-up bonds do not add firm value relative to straight debt, agency conflicts and asymmetric information are two possible explanations for the issuance of these instruments. We treat both motives (separat...

background: the dosimetric performance of eclipse 6.5 three dimensional treatment planning system (3dtps) is evaluated by comparing the calculated and measured dose in two dimensions following the guide lines of american association for physicists in medicine task group 53. materials and methods: the calculations were performed by the 3dtps for symmetric as well as asymmetric fields for standar...

Compromise is a valuable decision-making procedure. This article argues that its value lies in the norms of reciprocity and consent. Reciprocity structures practice concession-giving. Compliance with this tacit rule expresses an ethos mutual concern achieves shared sense fairness. Consent useful safeguard against asymmetric deals makes compromise morally binding. The procedural gives us importa...

credence goods market is one of the markets that the asymmetric information has transformed it to a missing market. those goods and services that the applicant cannot determine the exact amount of their expenses due to the asymmetric information are called credence goods. from the economists' perspective, transaction in a market where participants are ignorant about each other is a game wi...