Although significant progress has been made in clinical development, a protective malaria vaccine remains elusive. Here we review some of the immune subversive mechanisms used by the Plasmodium malaria parasite and propose a potentially effective strategy to achieve complete protection that may serve as a blue print for clinical usage. The premise is to modulate the immune response with drugs t...

Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (programmed death ligand 1, PD-L1) are negative regulators of immunity. They play a negative role in regulating immune response through interacting with immune cells, resulting in inhibited antitumor response. Tumor immunotherapy with PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody has been shown to be capable of prolonging survival of cancer patients and improving their life qu...

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Bacillus spp. are Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria used commercially as probiotics in the larviculture of fish. Bacillus spp. can act positively on cultured organisms by enhancing their survival and growth, stimulating their digestive and immune systems, and improving water quality. In this present study, grass carp larvae were fed on Artemia urmiana, Artemia fransiscana and Artemia parthen...

background and aims: measles remains one of the leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries and is still a major public health concern in developed countries. although live attenuated vaccine is used throughout the world, out breaks of disease still occur in many countries including iran. methods: the present study was performed to evaluate the immune status agai...

introduction: studies have shown that insufficient recovery between sessions causes immune suppression. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of repeated bouts resistance and endurance exercise on blood leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes count and plasma cortisol levels in athlete girls. materials and methods: 9 athlete girls (ages, 20-25 years), participated in the s...

N-3 PUFA (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are a family of fatty acids mainly found in oily fish and fish oil supplements. The effects of n-3 PUFA on health are mainly derived from its anti-inflammatory proprieties and its influence on immune function. Lately an increased interest in n-3 PUFA supplementation has reached the world of sport nutrition, where the majority of athletes rely on...

With the rapid development of urban traffics, recently many big cities have established lots of modern traffic networks extended in all directions, but there are still some severe problems caused by traffic congestions and traffic accidents. So for improving these unsatisfactory states in the urban traffic, inspired by the immune cooperative phenomenon from the biologics, firstly the regional t...