Abstract The distribution of chemical heterogeneity beneath hotspots provides important constraints on the source magmatism and mantle convection. Chemical heterogeneities in upper produce discontinuities that can be interrogated seismically. One such discontinuity, X-discontinuity (230-350 km depth), is observed intermittently across globe, with multiple possible causal mechanisms. However, to...

Emerging research in computer graphics, inverse problems, and machine learning requires us to differentiate optimize parametric discontinuities. These discontinuities appear object boundaries, occlusion, contact, sudden change over time. In many domains, such as rendering physics simulation, we the parameters of models that are expressed integrals discontinuous functions. Ignoring during differ...