The immediate immune response to infection by Gram-negative bacteria depends on the structure of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS, also known as endotoxin), a complex glycolipid constituting the outer leaflet of the bacterial outer membrane. Recognition of picomolar quantities of pathogenic LPS by the germ-line encoded Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) complex triggers the intracellular pro-inflammatory sig...

Objective(s) Shark Liver Oil (SLO) is an immunomodulator. Macrophages play a key role in host defense against pathogens like fungi. Candida albicans have mechanisms to escape immune system. We determined the effect of killed-Candida on the in vitro viability of macrophages and the effect of SLO on augmentation of

Corticosteroids, which are potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulator agents used in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases including allergic diseases, can in some cases produce immediate or delayed hypersensitivity reactions. This review summarizes the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of such reactions, including related diagnostic issues. It also presents a detailed ana...

Background: Although numerous natural or synthetic drugs have been tested for their radioprotective capacity, yet no suitable drug has been introduced for routine clinical use. In this study the radioprotective effect of "a new herbal immunomodulator" commercially known as IMOD, specifically made to decrease the side effects of HIV virus, was investigated on mouse bone marrow cells. M...

Tylophora asthmatica is used in the treatment of respiratory diseases. In Ayurveda. Animal studies have demsonated antiasthmatic, anti-allergic, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective and immunomodulator activites of T.asthmatica. Secera clinical trials hev eebn carried out in case of bronchial asthma; however, design of most of these studies is convoluted. The monograph analyses chemistry, pharmacology a...

Effect of Immue-21 (an herbal immunomodulator) was studied on different immunopharmacological models. Immue-21 significantly enhanced the mobilization and functional capacity of peritoneal macrophages of experimental animals. An elevated blastofenic response of splenic lymphocytes was observed in Immue-21 treated mice. The potential to modulate the immunity in general by Immue-21 assumes consid...