‏‎‏‎utopia has, for four centuries, accompanied that hope of progress and that striving for betterment. it now straggles against a widespread sense that this has been an illusion, or an impossible dream. the utopian idea can never entirely disappear, but utopia as a form of the social imagination has clearly weakened. if it cannot instill its vision in the public consciousness, the consequences...

Background and aim: Today, numerous cases of mental disorders have been identified that, in a way, affect human psyche. Some of these lead, more or less, to one’s inability to manage his/her financial affairs. Iranian judicial practice, however, treats all kinds of mental disorders in the same manner considering them lower than insanity. Legal logic doesn’t accept this practice. The...

abstract when in administrative law the matter of administrative offences are raised, these offences would have legal nature if they are force able, some of these offences are related to administrative law, where as some other pelts are common in civil or penal law. the current research intends not only to consider the concept and foundation of administrative execution rules but also compares...

there are two major theories of measurement in psychometrics: classical test theory (ctt) and item-response theory (irt). despite its widespread and long use, ctt has a number of shortcomings, which make it problematic to be used for practical and theoretical purposes. irt tries to solve these shortcomings, and provide better and more dependable answers. one of the applications of irt is the as...

Controlled delivery is a new method to discover drug smugglers origin and destinations. Practicing this method can help to provide necessary evidences and to capture all drug belongs including: producers, distributors etc. Controlled delivery first appeared in article 11 of Genève convention in 1997 although some countries had made already bilateral agreements to practice this method amo...

the author intend to by studying the historical causes of the appearance of the novation in the west and explanation of its legal nature from past to present of french law, proves on the one hand that the novation does not extracted from the french civil code and in the shiite jurisprudence with quite similar terms even before the enactment of iranian civil code, was considered by the shiite su...