introduction: recently, consumers have directed their interest towards low fat products as they associated them with a reduced risk of well-known health problems such as obesity and coronary heart diseases. fat is a multifunctional ingredient in ice cream system. thus, in attempts to provide desirable flavor and physical characteristics of full fat ice cream, manufactures looking for fat replac...

New calculations were performed to investigate the combined response of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to a range of climatic warming scenarios over the next millennium. Use was made of fully dynamic 3D thermomechanic ice sheet models, which were coupled to a two-dimensional climate model. The experiments were initialized with simulations over the last two glacial cycles to estimate the...

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of intermittent neck cooling during exercise bouts designed to mimic combat sport competitions. Participants (n = 13, age = 25.3 ̆ 5.0 year height = 176.9 ̆ 7.5 cm, mass = 79.3 ̆ 9.0 kg, body fat = 11.8% ̆ 3.1%) performed three trials on a cycle ergometer. Each trial consisted of two, 5-min high-intensity exercise (HEX) intervals ...

The largest uncertainty in projections of future sea-level change results from the potentially changing dynamical ice discharge from Antarctica. Basal ice-shelf melting induced by a warming ocean has been identified as a major cause for additional ice flow across the grounding line. Here we attempt to estimate the uncertainty range of future ice discharge from Antarctica by combining uncertaint...

A study on effective thermal conductivity (ETC) of natural ice in a reservoir with <3% gas content and 300 mgL dissolved matter content in the parent water was conducted in a laboratory. Ice sections were prepared to obtain the ice crystal structure, gas bubble content and ice density. Profiles of horizontal and vertical thermal conductivity of ice samples were determined with attention to rela...

A simple model is presented where the temperature, extent and thickness of sea ice is predicted in a numerical simulation. The model is based on Newton’s law of cooling with added terms to account for black-body emission by the ice and solar and atmospheric radiation. The ice is assumed to be an ellipsoid, with the temperature being uniform throughout. Coupled equations are developed for the te...

Two high melt episodes occurred on the Greenland ice sheet in July 2012, during which nearly the entire ice sheet surface experienced melting. Observations from an automatic weather station (AWS) in the lower ablation area in South Greenland reveal the largest daily melt rates (up to 28 cm d−1 ice equivalent) ever recorded on the ice sheet. The two melt episodes lasted 6 days, equivalent to 6% ...

BACKGROUND It is well known that reducing tissue temperature changes sensory and motor nerve conduction. However, few studies have compared the effect of different cold modalities on nerve conduction parameters. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of ice pack, ice massage, and cold water immersion on the conduction parameters of the sural (sensorial) and tibial moto...

The sea ice coverage of the Northern Hemisphere as a whole has been declining since 1979. On contrary, theMarch–April sea ice concentration in the Bering Sea experienced a prominent increase in year 2007. The present study documents the changes in surface air temperature, surface heat fluxes, sea surface temperature, and atmospheric circulation accompanying the above interdecadal change in the ...

Keywords: Snow water equivalent Arctic First-year sea ice Passive microwaves Surface based radiometer AMSR-E Ice roughness Climate change A SWE retrieval algorithm developed in-situ using passive microwave surface based radiometer data is applied to the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observation System (AMSR-E). Snow water equivalent is predicted from two pixels located in Can...