Activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis had been studied for the past half century, when some researchers noted that some patients with Cushing's syndrome and severe mood disorders had high baseline cortisol levels, which resulted in an inhibited response in the 1mg dexamethasone suppression test. Altered dexamethasone suppression test results were subsequently found in many psychia...

Orexin-A and orexin-B are hypothalamic peptides that act via two G protein-coupled receptors, named orexin type 1 and type 2 receptors (OX1-Rs and OX2-Rs). The most studied biological functions of orexins are the central control of feeding and sleep, but in the past few years findings that orexin system modulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, acting on both its central and peri...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression (HPAS) when treating children with corticosteroids is thought to be rare. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of and predictive factors for various degrees of HPAS. METHODS Clinical features of HPAS, doses, adherence, asthma score, and lung functions were recorded in 143 asthmatic children. The overnight metyra...

BACKGROUND/AIMS Circadian control of behavior and physiology is a central characteristic of all living organisms. The master clock in mammals resides in the hypothalamus, where the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) synchronizes daily rhythms. A variety of recent evidence indicates that the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is critical for normal functioning of the SCN. The aim of our...

INTRODUCTION Psychological stress and changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in period after diagnosis of "de novo" Parkinson disease (PD) could be a big problem for patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured psychological stress and changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) in thirty patients (15:15) with "de novo" Parkinson's disease, average age 64.17 ± 13.19 (28-...

Chronic stress is a consistent sense of feeling pressured and overwhelmedfor long period time it has been defined as maladaptive state thatis associated with altered hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. Thehyperactivity the HPA axis commonly assessed by cortisol levels.Physical activity (PA) exercise have demonstrated to regulatecortisol patterns in different healthy study populations, bu...

Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic disease in males (1 per 1000 newborns) due to the presence of doubled X chromosome karyotype (47XXY karyotype), most common cause primary hypogonadism. It characterized by polymorphism clinical manifestations, which are male infertility, obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, osteopenia and osteoporosis. Clinical variability leads development as...

OBJECTIVES: • Identify appropriate hypothalamic factors that control the secretion of each of the anterior pituitary hormones, and describe their route of transport from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. • Contrast the anterior and posterior pituitary lobes with respect to cell types, vascular supply, development, and innervation (hypothalamic). • Diagram the short-loop and long-loop ...

The Wistar Audiogenic Rat (WAR) strain is a genetic model of sound-induced reflex epilepsy which was selected starting from audiogenic seizures susceptible Wistar rats. Wistar resistant rats were used as WAR's control in this study. In the acute situation, audiogenic seizures (AS) in WARs mimic tonic-clonic seizures and, in the chronic protocol, mimic temporal lobe epilepsy. AS have been shown ...

Galanin is a regulatory 30- or 29-amino acid peptide, widely distributed in the nervous system and gut, that acts via three subtypes of G protein-coupled receptors, named GAL-R1, GAL-R2 and GAL-R3. Findings have been accumulated that galanin regulates neuroendocrine hypothalamic axes, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) one. Galanin and its receptors are expressed in the hypothal...