Recognition of the two main pathologic mechanisms equally leading to breast cancer development may provide explanations for the apparently controversial results obtained by sexual hormone measurements in breast cancer cases. Either insulin resistance or estrogen receptor (ER) defect is the initiator of pathologic processes and both of them may lead to breast cancer development. Primary insulin ...

BACKGROUND Few studies have assessed whether the amelioration of the clinical signs of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) achieved by treatment leads to improvement in the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients. This study was aimed to examine the HRQoL of ethnic Chinese women with PCOS who received metformin treatment. METHODS This prospective study was conducted at a medical cente...

We appreciate Bermon and colleagues’ (2013) engagement with our critical reflection on the new hyperandrogenism policies from the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) (Karkazis et al. 2012) and thank them for characterizing it as “exceptionally thoughtful and thorough.” In the spirit of continued dialogue, we would observe that ...

BACKGROUND/AIMS The diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in adolescence are controversial, primarily because the diagnostic pathological features used in adult women may be normal pubertal physiological events. Hence, international pediatric and adolescent specialty societies have defined criteria that have sufficient evidence to be used for the diagnosis of PCOS in adolesce...