In 1969, Murray Gell-Mann won the nobel prize in physics “for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions.” He is the scientist who first used the word quark, and he was the first to describe the SU3(C) flavor symmetry of the hadrons. By organizing the particles according to the root system of the lie algebra su3(C) associated t...

Due to an increase in demand of petroleum products which are transported by vessels or exported by pipelines, oil spill management becomes a controversial issue in coastal environment safety as well as making serious financial problems. After spilling oil in the water body, oil spreads as a thin layer on the water surface. Currents, waves and wind are the main causes of oil slick transport. The...

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An introduction to the minimal supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) is given. The motivation for “low-energy” supersymmetry is reviewed, and the structure of the MSSM is outlined. In its most general form, the MSSM can be viewed as a low-energy effective theory parametrized by a set of arbitrary soft-supersymmetry-breaking parameters. A variety of techniques for reducing the parameter freedom o...

It is shown, that our contemporary knowledge of geometry is insufficient, because we know only axiomatizable geometries. With such a knowledge of geometry one cannot investigate properly physics of microcosm and structure of elementary particles. One can obtain only a phenomenological systematics of elementary particles, whose construction does not need a discrimination mechanism. The discrimin...

The Standard Model of the theory of elementary particles is based on the U(1) × SU(2) × SU(3) symmetry. In the presence of a gravitation field, i. e. in a non-flat space-time manifold, this symmetry is implemented through three special vector bundles. Connections associated with these vector bundles are studied in this paper. In the Standard Model they are interpreted as gauge fields. 1. The U ...

In these lectures I give a short review of the main theoretical ideas underlying the extensions of the Standard Model of elementary particle interactions.

On basis of an algebraic analysis of symmetry breaking in general and the Higgs mechanism in the standard model of elementary particles we generalize the concept of symmetry breaking to systems with non-compact groups but not necessarily caused by a potential. Thereto we give some simple, but unfamiliar examples of symmetry breaking with and without potentials. The analysis of the concept of ma...

In this chapter a double tensor index k implies summation from 1 to 4. There is no classical way to treat the spin and charge variables of elementary particles. ' Therefore we represent matter by a set of complex wave fields p„. The quantities J, and S„& occurring in (1.1) are formed from matrices j„and s„A, . if I =0. Eq. (1.3) takes the form of Dirac's equation for a particle with inherent ma...