The European Council Directive 89/391/EC of 12 June 1989 is concerned with the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the occupational safety and health. For example, it deals with risk assessment and preventive measures. The Finnish legislation enacts the risk assessment and prevention measures in a similar way as the EU Directive 89/391/EC. The aim of this study was to examine:...

This paper investigates how fraud schemes can be integrated into the fraud risk assessment process and be incorporated into audit planning. A framework for assessing fraud risk using an evidential reasoning approach based on the belief-function formalism was developed in this paper. The framework extends fraud risk assessment models in prior fraud research in three respects. First, it integrate...

This article reviews the most relevant methodological aspects involved in Health Technology Assessment (HTA). Firstly, it addresses the process of defining the research problem (or scoping). Then it explains some specific aspects of systematic reviews of evidence, as well as indirect and mixed comparisons of the effectiveness of interventions. It covers also the methods for economic evaluation ...

Health impact assessment (HIA) has many advocates for its use to identify and optimize the health effects of non-healthcare interventions. It is an assessment of the health effects, positive and negative, of a project, programme, or policy. Expertise developed in the United Kingdom from a realization that health impacts are often overlooked during the planning stages of development projects but...

The study aimed to appraise groundwater quality in the Mekong Delta using a index (GWQI) and estimate human health risks associated with consumption. Groundwater samples were collected at sixty wells distributed An Giang, Kien Hau Giang Dong Thap provinces. Twelve water parameters measured, including pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, coliform, nitrate (NO3ˉ), nitrite (NO2ˉ), ammonium ...