A common thread across the reviews was a request for more justification of the retrieval of a height-invariant Nw, and for evaluation of the retrievals through the vertical profile. In response we have added Figs. 5, 9 & 12 evaluating the averaged vertical profile of retrieved and forward-modelled variables in key precipitation regimes: moderate stratiform rain (case 1), light stratiform rain w...

orogrAphiC rAinstorms seen by trmm. Major rainstorms can occur in mountainous regions when air is lifted over the terrain. When the environment is especially unstable, storms may form that contain locally intense buoyant updrafts, heavy downpours of rain, and sometimes hail. High winds may occur where downdrafts, forming in raining regions, reach the ground and spread out. When a sequence of co...

No genetic link between the two main types of chromitite, stratiform and podiform chromitites, has ever been discussed. These chromitite have very different geological contexts; one is a member layered intrusions, representing fossil magma chambers, in crust, forms pod-like bodies, conduits, upper mantle. Chromite grains contain peculiar polymineralic inclusions derived from Na-bearing hydrous ...

Temporal and spatial variations of convection in South Asia are analyzed using eight years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) data and NCEP reanalysis fields. To identify the most extreme convective features, three types of radar echo structures are defined: deep convective cores (contiguous 3D convective echo $40 dBZ extending $10 km in height) represent the...

An innovative method for the observation of vertical air motion and raindrop size distribution in precipitation using a 94-GHz Doppler radar is demonstrated in this paper. The method is particularly appealing since it is based on fundamental physics, the scattering of microwave radiation by large particles (Mie scattering). Observations from stratiform rain are presented to illustrate the poten...

For over 16 years, the Precipitation Radar of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite detected the three-dimensional structure of significantly precipitating clouds in the tropics and subtropics. This paper reviews and synthesizes studies using the TRMM radar data to present a global picture of the variation of convection throughout low latitudes. The multiyear data set shows c...

(i) Stratiform, stratabound and tabular deposits of regular habit; (ii)Stratiform, stratabound and tabular deposits of irregular habit; (iii)Lenticular bodies of all dimensions including bodies occurring en echelon silicified linear zones of composite veins; (iv)Lenses, veins and pockets; stock-works, irregular shaped, modest to small size bodies; (v) Gemstone and raremetal pegmatites, reefs an...

The Mahin area is a part of TaromHashtjin zone that located in west of Qazvin province in northwest of Iran. Many copper and base metals ore deposits are hosted by this zone. High potential localities identification in this area is very necessary. The objective of this research, is finding hydrothermal alteration zones by remote sensing methods and best processing technique of Advanced Spacebor...