Estrogen deficiency and declining calcium absorption due to reduced calcitriol levels or intestinal resistance to calcitriol, are important factors in the pathogenesis of age-related bone loss. The main objective of this study was to examine the effect of estrogen and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D therapy given individually or in combination on bone loss in elderly women. Four hundred eighty-nine eld...

CONTEXT Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is common in postmenopausal women. It is associated with metabolic syndrome. However, the influence of hormone replacement therapy in NAFLD development in these women needs to be investigated. This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of NAFLD in postmenopausal women, and the relationship between hormone replacement therapy and th...

Menopause is diagnosed after 12 months of amenorrhoea resulting from the permanent cessation of ovarian function. The mean age at menopause is 51 years. The perimenopause, a time of changing ovarian function, precedes the final menses by several years. The physiology and clinical manifestations of this transition to menopause are not well understood; however, some symptoms, such as hot flashes,...

OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the effects of thyroid hormone on A1C and glycated albumin (GA) in nondiabetic patients with overt hypothyroidism. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A1C levels were measured in 45 nondiabetic patients with overt hypothyroidism and 180 euthyroid control subjects. A1C, GA, fasting blood glucose (FBG), 1,5-anhydroglucitol, and erythrocyte indexes were determined in 30 n...

BACKGROUND Hormone replacement therapy is used for the relief of menopausal symptoms. In the United Kingdom, guidelines have been developed for the use of hormone replacement therapy in the prevention of osteoporosis, and in the United States of America its use has also been recommended for cardiovascular disease prevention. However, compliance has been found to be a problem, and rates of presc...

OBJECTIVE To assess mortality associated with hormone replacement in younger and older postmenopausal women. DESIGN A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE databases was performed to identify randomized controlled trials of hormone replacement therapy from 1966 to September 2002. The search was augmented by scanning selected journals through April 2003 and references of identifi...

The mechanisms that mediate the cardioprotective action of steroid hormones in postmenopausal women are poorly understood. To study the inter-relationship between female steroid hormones and cardiac natriuretic peptides, plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were measured in postmenopausal women, both before and after oestrogen replacement therapy...

Bio-identical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT) is becoming more popular among women, and providers should have adequate knowledge regarding this treatment. This article reviews traditional hormone replacement therapy, BHRT, its premise, treatment options, and its overall strengths and weaknesses.