We employ a 3-dimensional magnetohydrostatic model of a horizontal flux tube, embedded in a magnetic surrounding atmosphere, to successfully reproduce the azimuthal and center-to-limb variations of the Net Circular Polarization observed in sunspot penumbrae. This success is partly due to the realistic modeling of the interaction between the flux tube and the surrounding magnetic field. Subject ...

We perform three-dimensional simulations of the rise of twisted magnetic Ñux tubes in an adiabatically stratiÐed model solar convection zone. The initial Ñux tube in our simulations is a uniformly twisted, buoyant, horizontal tube located near the bottom of the stratiÐed layer. The twist of the initial Ñux tube is described by a parameter a, which is deÐned as the angular rate of Ðeld-line rota...

Two-phase flow regimes are affected by conduit position, alignment, geometry, flow direction, physical characteristics, and flow rate of each phase as well as the heat flux toward the boundaries. Due to the importance of two-phase flow, numerous regimes have been identified. The first step in studying micro-bubble formation inside a venturi tube is to recognize the type of flow regimes. In this...

An analytical model has been developed for the study of turbulent film condensation from downward flowing vapors onto a horizontal elliptical tube with variable wall temperature. The interfacial shear at the vapor condensate film is evaluated with the help of Colburn analogy. The condensate film flow and local/or mean heat transfer characteristics from a horizontal elliptical tube with nonunifo...