INTRODUCTION The potency of oral polio vaccine (OPV), a heat-labile vaccine, is preserved by the cold chain. The Vaccine Vial Monitor, a heat-sensitive label, is critical to the monitoring and maintenance of the cold chain. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the adequacy of cold chain infrastructure and the proper use of Vaccine Vial Monitor in a rural district of Ind...

A helminthological study of faecal materials collected from 1037 people from four rural communities in Gumau District of Bauchi State, Nigeria was carried out using a standard diagnostic procedure. The study is the first parasitological survey to be carried out in this rural district. Thirty-nine percent of examined persons were infected with helminths. Ascaris lumbricoides, Schistosoma mansoni...

BACKGROUND Refractive error is one of the major causes of blindness and visual impairment in children; but community based studies are scarce especially in rural parts of Ethiopia. So, this study aims to assess the prevalence of refractive error and its magnitude as a cause of visual impairment among school-age children of rural community. METHODS This community-based cross-sectional descript...

health is defined as situation of physical, psychological, and social welfare, which include both lack of diseases and best access to healthy standard without any religion, political, and socio-economic discrimination. more programs have been executed concerning rural environment from 1980s in islamic republic of iran. however, documents show that health level is low in rural area. rural health...

The Pakistan study site of the Etiology, Risk Factors and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development (MAL-ED) cohort study is located in Molhan union council of Naushahro Feroze district in the Sindh province. The study site is located in a rural district, where the majority of the population has an agrarian livelihood. Most familie...

Wilderness Central School District is a public district serving approximately 3,500 students in grades Pre K-12. The district was created in 1948 when five smaller districts were consolidated in the interest of centralizing and sharing resources. The district is located in an area classified as “rural fringe” by the U.S. Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences in the northeast r...