Understanding recent biogeographic responses to climate change is fundamental for improving our predictions of likely future responses and guiding conservation planning at both local and global scales. Studies of observed biogeographic responses to 20th century climate change have principally examined effects related to ubiquitous increases in temperature - collectively termed a warming fingerp...

Climate change is again in the news. First the failure of the COP61 meeting to agree on terms for the Kyoto Protocol and now the apparent rejection of the protocol by President Bush leaves the future of climate policy uncertain. To move forward it is important understand the drivers of climate change in order to inform discussions of where mitigation efforts need to be focused. This paper will ...

The development of our understanding of fish and other marine fauna, including my own over several decades, has proceeded from basic natural history to ecologyand evolution, butweoftenneed to return tonatural history to address deficiencies in our attempts tomanagefisheries, conserve habitats, andmodel ecosystems. This resurrection of natural history is still neededbecause of the complex life h...

Some of the most compelling examples of ecological responses to climate change are elevational range shifts of individual species, which have been observed throughout the world. A growing body of evidence, however, suggests substantial mediation of simple range shifts due to climate change by other limiting factors. Understanding limiting factors for a species within different contexts, therefo...

Species distribution modeling is widely applied to predict invasive species distributions and species range shifts under climate change. Accurate predictions depend upon meeting the assumption that ecological niches are conserved, i.e., spatially or temporally transferable. Here we present a multi-taxon comparative analysis of niche conservatism using biological invasion events well documented ...

man's past condition is related to his present life and history means surveying the quality of the past activities whose traces remain in the present time. the main field of historical research is man's past life, the stages which have been put behind in the process of evolution and changes as well as progresses made in these stages. history is a means to provide human beings with a complete in...