Laser forming is a thermal forming process which uses laser beam irradiation to produce the desired final forms. In this article, the effect of temperature gradient across  Al 6061-T6 aluminum sheets on bending angle is studied. Input parameters including laser power, scan velocity, beam diameter, and sheet thickness are the effective process parameters which influence the temperature gradient....

Mixed effects models are frequently used for analyzing longitudinal data. Normality assumption of random effects distrbution is a routine assumption for these models, violation of which leads to model misspecification and misleading parameter estimates. We propose a semi-parametric approach using gradient function for random effect estimation. In the approach, we relax the normality assumption ...

In an earlier paper we provided easily-calculated expressions for the gradient of the profiled log-likelihood and log-restricted-likelihood for single-level mixed-effects models. We also showed how this gradient is related to the update of an ECME (expectation conditional maximization either) algorithm for such single level models. In this paper we extend those results to mixed-effects models w...

This paper investigates the effect and influence of pressure gradient on the skewness and flatness in turbulent boundary layers, which are subjected to adverse, zero and favourable pressure gradients. The large scale features are found to increase the skewness in the near wall-region for adverse pressure gradients in a manner similar to the effect of changing Reynolds number as documented by Me...

Abstract We discuss models for flow in a class of generalized Navier–Stokes equations. The work concentrates on producing thermal convection, analysing these detail, and deriving critical Rayleigh wave numbers the onset convective fluid motion. In addition to linear instability theory we present careful analysis fully nonlinear stability theory. theories analysed all possess bi-Laplacian term n...

Abstract In this paper, we define a family of functionals generalizing the Yang–Mills–Higgs on closed Riemannian manifold. Then prove short-time existence corresponding gradient flow by gauge-fixing technique. The lack maximum principle for higher order operator brings us lot inconvenience during estimates Higgs field. We observe that $L^2$ -bound field is enough energy in four dimensions and s...

In the context of engineering on micro- and nanoscale, size-dependency is an important characteristic material behaviour. order to avoid complex experiments predict size effects in simulations instead, classic continuum approaches are extended by introduction a length scale, e.g. through consideration gradient contributions. For particular case fibre-reinforced materials, such gradient-enhanced...