PURPOSE To compare the effects of age and near phoria on interpupillary distance measured at far (FIPD) and near (NIPD) using the Viktorin's and pupillometer (PD-5) methods. METHODS Interpupillary distance (IPD) by Viktorin's method and the corneal reflex pupillometer (PD-5) method, as well as near heterophoria by the Saladin near point card, were each obtained on 133 randomly selected normal...

We've been finding possible association of central vision damage with binocular vision disorders in our clients suffering from age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), but whose visual acuity still allowed us to examine their binocular vision. Our findings show that there is a significant number of patients with heterophoria in horizontal, as well as vertical direction. The clients rate the vis...

Vertical heterophoria (VH) is the latent vertical misalignment of the eyes when the retinal images are dissociated, vertical orthophoria (VO) when there is no misalignment. Studies on postural control, during binocular vision in upright stance, reported that healthy subjects with small VH vs. VO are less stable, but the experimental cancellation of VH with an appropriate prism improves postural...

(a) Hyperthyroid or Thyrotoxic Exophthalmos.-This accompanies Graves's disease and is, therefore, much more frequently seen in females than in males. In the majority of cases the exophthalmos is quite unobtrusive or there is merely an appearance of exophthalmos due to retraction of the upper lid. It is associated with a decreased frequency of blinking and a fixed stare. The majority of authors ...

ONE of the most difficult therapeutic problems for the ophthalmologist at the present time is that of headaches associated with eye strain. The majority of these are associated with heterophoria and standard therapy has been disappointing. The initial response to drugs, e.g. atropine, and cholinesterase inhibition, has not been impressive and relapse after a while has been the rule. Costenbader...

ONE of the most difficult therapeutic problems for the ophthalmologist at the present time is that of headaches associated with eye strain. The majority of these are associated with heterophoria and standard therapy has been disappointing. The initial response to drugs, e.g. atropine, and cholinesterase inhibition, has not been impressive and relapse after a while has been the rule. Costenbader...