Intramolecular cycloadditions between cyclobutadiene and olefins can provide highly functionalized cyclobutene-containing products. The outcome of the reaction depends on the nature of the tether connecting the two reactive partners in the cycloaddition. Electronically unactivated olefins attached to cyclobutadiene through a three-atom, heteroatom-containing tether yield successfully the desire...

Valence topological charge-transfer (CT) indices are applied to the calculation of dipole moments mu. The mu calculated by algebraic and vector semisums of the CT indices are defined. The model is generalized for molecules with heteroatoms and corrected for sp(3)-heteromolecules. The ability of the indices for the description of the molecular charge distribution is established by comparing them...

The fast pyrolysis oils produced from proteinaceous biomass, such as pennycress presscake differ significantly from those produced from biomass with mostly lignocellulosic composition. Those from proteinaceous biomass tend to be deoxygenated, contain more nitrogen, be less acidic and be more stable. Because their composition is different, their behavior in and products from upgrading via hydrot...

Heteroatom doping into the graphitic frameworks have been intensively studied for the development of metal-free electrocatalysts. However, the choice of heteroatoms is limited to non-metallic elements and heteroatom-doped graphitic materials do not satisfy commercial demands in terms of cost and stability. Here we realize doping semimetal antimony (Sb) at the edges of graphene nanoplatelets (Gn...

Heteroatom doping can endow graphene with various new or improved electromagnetic, physicochemical, optical, and structural properties. This greatly extends the arsenal of graphene materials and their potential for a spectrum of applications. Considering the latest developments, we comprehensively and critically discuss the syntheses, properties and emerging applications of the growing family o...

Metabolism represents the most prevalent mechanism for drug clearance. Many drugs are converted to metabolites that can retain the intrinsic affinity of the parent drug for the pharmacological target. Drug metabolism redox reactions such as heteroatom dealkylations, hydroxylations, heteroatom oxygenations, reductions, and dehydrogenations can yield active metabolites, and in rare cases even con...

The intermediate neglect of differential overlap (INDO) band structures of polythiophene, polyfuran, and polypyrrole are analyzed in terms of the band structure of polyacetylene. This is done by decoupling the INDO Fock operator to obtain the band structure of the carbon system and of the heteroatoms. For all three polymer systems, the highest valence band is essentially a pure carbon band, whe...