The evolution of ideas about the protection health city residents is shown, starting with emergence very science urban planning in last quarter 19th century. If works its founder, Reinhard Baumeister, relation to citizens, main attention was paid their physical condition, namely sanitation and hygiene, then Camillo Sitte Josef Stbben, who completed formation classical science, began be not only...

Introduction: Universities play a key role in creating a knowledge-based society and its sustainable development. Strategic planning by strategically analyses internal and external environments of the organization, forecast its future, identifying its strategic direction, and strengthening organizational structures, processes, and outcomes, creates and sustains competitive advantages. This stud...

OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of price on the demand for health insurance by early retirees between the ages of 55 and 64. DATA SOURCE Administrative health plan enrollment data from a medium-sized U.S. employer. STUDY DESIGN The analysis takes advantage of a natural experiment created by the firm's health insurance contribution policy. The amount the firm contributes toward retiree healt...

Rationing of health care in the United States currently exists via the covert mechanism of restricting significant segments of medical care for many of those who cannot afford it. Provision of universal health care would necessitate explicit rationing of certain interventions and technologies, even though an individual could afford them. The British and Canadian experiences provide lessons from...

 The 2014 EBRI/Greenwald & Associates Consumer Engagement in Health Care Survey (CEHCS) finds that 15 percent of the privately insured population was enrolled in a consumer-driven health plan (CDHP); 11 percent was enrolled in a high-deductible health plan (HDHP); and 74 percent was enrolled in more traditional coverage. Overall, 26 million individuals with private insurance were enrolled in a...

In this article, the 1987 conventional health plans are examined and 1987 group health insurance is compared with that of 1977. The source of information for 1987 is the national survey of 771 private and public employers conducted by the Health Insurance Association of America. Data for 1977 are from the National Medical Care Expenditures Survey. Findings show that conventional health plans' s...

In designing a quality report, a health plan needs to account for the report's effect on the doctor, hospital or other provider. This paper proposes a simple model of how quality reporting affects a health care provider, using the example of a doctor subject to reporting with a "cut point" that designates the doctor as above or below some standard. Choice of cut point affects the doctor's welfa...

Professors Marmor and Oberlander examine the state of health care reform in the United States. The authors briefly discuss the failed Clinton health plan before examining the return of health reform to the political agenda. They then focus on alternatives, such as a federalist option, the pincer movement, and a single-payer system. Finally, the authors highlight the lessons that can be learned ...

Physicians have long expressed dissatisfaction with the time they and their staffs spend interacting with health plans. However, little information exists about the extent of these interactions. We conducted a national survey on this subject of physicians and practice administrators. Physicians reported spending three hours weekly interacting with plans; nursing and clerical staff spent much la...