This article is based on the findings of a study developed to compare health care costs in the United States during 1970-80 with those of six other industrially advanced countries--Canada, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Although health care expenditures in the United States have traditionally been relatively high, as a share of gross na...

O ne of the more important challenges facing policymakers is that of assessing inflation expectations. Goodfriend (1997) points out that one can interpret the meaning of a given interest rate policy action primarily in terms of its impact on the real rate of interest. However, evaluating this impact requires not only that one understands the various links between the nominal rate and expected i...

How do financial frictions affect the optimal inflation rate? Can financial frictions alone annul the long-run super-neutrality of money? Should the inflation rate be higher in emerging market economies with less developed financial markets than in advanced economies, as is currently observed? To answer these questions we set up an incomplete markets model in which households choose portfolios ...

abstract t he relationship between public sector deficits and inflation is one of the important and controversial issues in the academic literature as well as in economic policy field. on the other hand, a major objective of macroeconomic policies is to foster economic growth and to keep inflation on a low level. so keeping the price stability plays an important role in determining the growth r...

the main goal of this research is studying the causative & effect of deficit budget, money offering and inflation rate in iran during 1360-1390. the results in long time indicates that the bulk of money has had positive effect & meaning on inflation rate during that time and alteration of budget deficit of the government has also positive effect on inflation but by meaningless impress, in other...

t he investigation of exchange rate pass-through is an important issue in international finance. the relationship between exchange rate pass-through and exchange rate arrangements such as the dollarization regime has been examined in recent decades. for this purpose, the main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of exchange rate pass-through on the domestic inflation in selecte...

Observed inflation targets around the industrial world are concentrated at two percent per year. This chapter investigates the extent to which the observed magnitudes of inflation targets are consistent with the optimal rate of inflation predicted by leading theories of monetary nonneutrality. We find that consistently those theories imply that the optimal rate of inflation ranges from minus th...

providing financial resources in a justly manner in health care system means, that paying health care services by patients must be based on their financial ability and not by severity of their condition or danger of their disease. in a fair health care system, protection of all patients in term of their financial ability has been predicted. on the other hand, exponential increases in cost of he...