When faced with a variable environment, organisms may switch between different strategies according to some probabilistic rule. In an infinite population, evolution is expected to favor the rule that maximizes geometric mean fitness. If some environments are encountered only rarely, selection may not be strong enough for optimal switching probabilities to evolve. Here we calculate the evolution...

With higher payments and expanded private-plan authority, Medicare Advantage (MA) has caused the market to grow. One in three Medicare beneficiaries with Part D now gets this coverage through MA. Analysis of the sources of and reasons for enrollment growth suggest a troubling report card. Clearly, the Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) has expanded choice and the private-sector role. But it also ...

in order to evaluate the yield and advantage of two- and three-species intercropping of sunflower with corn and soybean, an experiment was conducted at the research farm of faculty of agriculture of tabriz university in tabriz, iran 2011. the experiment was arranged based on randomized completely block design with 6 treatments and three replications. treatments were included the pure stand of s...

The Medicare Advantage (MA) program continues to grow and thrive, despite plan payment cuts imposed through the Affordable Care Act. What explains this surprising outcome (one that is strikingly different than the experience of MA plans in the late 1990s, when payment cuts led to dramatic shrinkage in enrollment and curtailment of plans)? This analysis argues that a combination of factors, incl...

Sustainable competitive advantage (CA) is a necessary requirement of a rational economic business organisation. Without this CA a business does not have a rational source for appropriating added value in the form of retained profit. Various management research papers have identified numerous factors that may create a source of competitive advantage. Other researchers have shown how industries h...

Using transaction data from the Jakarta Stock Exchange, I nd three pieces of evidence which indicate that domestic investors have an information advantage over foreign investors. First, foreign investors systematically buy at higher and sell at lower intra-day prices than domestic investors. Second, foreign investors tend to sell prior to large positive returns. Finally, the permanent impact of...

The last two decades have witnessed a rapid development of quantum information processing, a new paradigm which studies the power and limit of “quantum advantages” in various information processing tasks. Problems such as when quantum advantage exists, and if existing, how much it could be, are at a central position of these studies. In a broad class of scenarios, there are, implicitly or expli...

Using transaction data from the Jakarta Stock Exchange, I nd three pieces of evidence which indicate that domestic investors have an information advantage over foreign investors. First, foreign investors systematically buy at higher and sell at lower intra-day prices than domestic investors. Second, foreign investors tend to sell prior to large positive returns. Finally, the permanent impact of...