Studies indicate that estrogen receptor beta, encoded by the ESR2 gene on chromosome 14q, may play a role in ovarian carcinogenesis. Using the genetic structure data generated by the Breast and Prostate Cohort Consortium (BPC3), we have comprehensively characterized the role of haplotype diversity in ESR2 and risk of ovarian cancer. Five haplotypes with a frequency of > or =5% were observed in ...

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the human genome, often measured as pairwise correlation between adjacent markers, shows substantial spatial heterogeneity. Congruent with these results, studies have found that certain regions of the genome have far less haplotype diversity than expected if the alleles at multiple markers were independent, while other sets of adjacent markers behave almost indepe...

HIGHLIGHTS First report of phylogeny and haplotype diversity Haemonchus contortus isolated from Gaddi (breed) goats North India. The occurrence different haplotypes evinced presence indels at distinct places. There was probable establishment heterozygosity in putative hybrid H. worms.

– Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences were determined for 168 green turtles (Chelonia mydas) nesting at the 3 known rookeries in Brazil: Trindade (n 1⁄4 99), Atol das Rocas (n 1⁄4 37), and Fernando de Noronha (n 1⁄4 16). In addition, 32 green turtles were sampled on foraging grounds at Atol das Rocas and Fernando de Noronha. Significant genetic structure exists among the 3 rookeries, with haplo...

The allelic and haplotype frequencies of 17 Y-STR loci most commonly used in forensic testing were estimated in a sample of 138 unrelated healthy males from Macapá, in the northern Amazon region of Brazil. The average gene diversity was 0.6554 ± 0.3315. 134 haplotypes of the 17 loci were observed, 130 of them unique and four present in two individuals each. The haplotype diversity index was 0.9...

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) contains the most polymorphic genetic system in humans, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes of the adaptive immune system. High allelic diversity in HLA is argued to be maintained by balancing selection, such as negative frequency-dependent selection or heterozygote advantage. Selective pressure against immune escape by pathogens can maintain appre...