objective(s): multiple sclerosis (ms) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (cns) with unknown etiology. various genetics and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. the interleukin-7 receptor alpha chain (il-7ra) was identified as the first non-major histocompatibility complex (non-mhc) ms susceptibility locus. in this study we are tr...

background: a common human leukocyte antigen (hla) class ii allele, dqβ1*03:01, seems to be associated with bullous pemphigoid (bp) in caucasians whereas previous studies in other ethnic groups showed other hla class ii alleles as genetic predisposing factors for bp. objective: to investigate the association of hla class ii alleles and haplotypes with bp in iranian population. methods: fifty pa...

lactoferrin (lf) is a bioactive protein present in all external secretions such as milk that plays important role in the innate host defense. therefore, the lf has a major role in bovine mammary gland defense during mastitis. in this study, 5’-flanking region of bovine lf gene containing three single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) at positions −602 (t/g), −600 (a/g) and -586 (t/c) were screene...

The fourth component of complement (C4) is encoded by two closely linked genes (C4A and C4B) within the MHC. Null alleles at either locus (C4AQO or C4BQO) are relatively common, occurring at the C4A locus in 10% of normal individuals and at the C4B locus in 16% of normal individuals. However, the presence of the double null haplotype (C4A * QO,B * QO) on the same chromosome is extremely rare. W...

This chapter consists of five parts. In the first part, we provide definitions for important terms and concepts used in studies of population haplotype structures. In the second part, we introduce the user to valuable publicly available genotype/haplotype databases, such as databases generated by the International HapMap Project. In the third part, we provide concise guides to the user on how t...

MOTIVATION Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes vary considerably in their presence or absence on a specific regional haplotype. Because presence or absence of these genes is largely detected using locus-specific genotyping technology, the distinction between homozygosity and hemizygosity is often ambiguous. The performance of methods for haplotype inference (e.g. PL-EM, PHASE) for K...