*Correspondence: Michael Stoukides, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Building E13, Laboratory of Electrochemical Processes, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece e-mail: [email protected] Developed in the early 1900s, the “Haber–Bosch” synthesis is the dominant NH3 synthesis process. Parallel to catalyst optimization, current research efforts are also focused...

Methods to produce ammonia from air, water, and renewable electricity are necessary transition production away the CO2-emitting Haber–Bosch process. In this vein, a fully electric process in which water-splitting-derived hydrogen air-separation-derived nitrogen reacted an electrochemical is attractive. Herein, we evaluated cost-effectiveness of large-scale relying on sources conjunction with di...

Haber-Bosch nitrogen (N) has been increasingly used in industrial products, e.g., nylon, besides fertilizer. Massive numbers of species of industrial reactive N (Nr) have emerged and produced definite consequences but receive little notice. Based on a comprehensive inventory, we show that (1) the industrial N flux has increased globally from 2.5 to 25.4 Tg N yr(-1) from 1960 through 2008, compa...

INTRODUCTION Industrial nitrogen fixation plays an important role in sustaining approximately 40% of the Earth’s population through generation of synthetic fertilizers. Annually, ca. 500 million tons of anhydrous ammonia, ammonium nitrate, and urea are produced through the Haber-Bosch process, which requires harsh conditions (200 atm, 450-500C) and affords low yields 10-20%. It has been estimat...

Ammonia is critical to the world economy. However, nowadays production of ammonia exclusively carried out by well-known Haber–Bosch process, which an energy-intensive process that leads a large amount CO2 emissions. The search for alternative routes mandatory sustainable and zero emissions future Electrochemical nitrate-to-ammonia conversion emerges as suitable achieve decentralized at small sc...

Ammonia is the most basic raw material in industrial and agricultural production. The current production of ammonia relies on Haber-Bosch process with high energy consumption. To overcome this shortcoming, development electrocatalytic synthesis under moderate conditions considered as a potential alternative technology. two-dimensional (2D) MXenes family has been proved promising electrocatalyst...

The traditional method for synthesizing NH3 is the Haber–Bosch process which results in high-fuel consumption and environmental pollution. Therefore, ecofriendly electrochemical synthesis of through nitrate (NO3−) reduction a good choice. Herein, an integral Au/Cu electrode to catalyze NO3− introduced. catalyst exhibits not only highest yield rate (73.4 mg h−1 cm−2) up now but also very high Fa...

The electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) for NH3 synthesis is still far from being practical and competitive with the common Haber–Bosch process. rational design of highly selective NRR electrocatalyst therefore urgently needed, which requires a deep understanding both electrode–electrolyte interface mass transport reactants. Here, we develop theoretical framework that includes el...

Ammonia (NH3) is produced industrially by the Haber–Bosch process from dinitrogen (N2) and dihydrogen (H2) using high temperature pressure with an iron catalyst. In contrast to extreme conditions used in process, biology has evolved nitrogenase enzymes, which operate at ambient pressure. biological settings, requires large amounts of energy form ATP, least 13 GJ ton−1 ammonia. 2016, Brown et al...

Electrochemical nitrogen reduction (NRR) has attracted much attention as a promising technique to produce ammonia at ambient conditions in an environmentally benign and less energy-consuming manner compared the current Haber–Bosch process. However, even though research on NRR catalysts been conducted, their low selectivity reaction rate still hinder practical application of Among various cataly...