An elastic wave propagating in a metal loses a portion of its energy from scattering caused by acoustic impedance differences existing at the boundaries of anisotropic grains. Theoretical scattering models capture this phenomena by assuming the incoming wave is described by an average elastic moduli tensorC0 i jkl (x) that is perturbed by a grain with elasticityCi jkl (x ′) where the scattering...

A one-dimensional model is derived in order to study how the elasticity (internal elastic energy) of visco-elastic and elasto-plastic materials, such as biopolymers (muscles and grain our dough) or metals, changes due to the action of external forces. For such materials, the model takes the form of an initial-boundary value problem, corresponding to Newton's second law, which is coupled to an a...

Austria went to the polls on Sunday, May 25 to elect 18 members of the European Parliament, one fewer than in 2009 due to the European Union (EU) membership of Croatia. The electoral system used for the European elections is the same as for the national elections, but instead of 39 constituencies there is only a single national constituency. The electoral system is a proportional system with a ...