the main disorder are due to sex chromosomal aberration comprising 2644(82.5%), cases ranging from 1211  klinefelter followed by 1025 turner  syndrome, 345 triple x, 49 double y and 14 cases of xx male. the second group consists 116 cases of gonadal dysgenesis bearing 0.042 risk of malignant transformation for xy gonadal dysgenesis. the 3rd group is hormonal defects consisting 29 cases of conge...

normal sex differentiation is the result of long ways and different steps that consecutively take place under the control of relevant enzymes resulting in a normal female or male. any effective agent and excess or deficit of the relevant enzymes result in the disorder of sex development. the main factors that affect sex development include chromosomal aberration, gonadal dysgenesis, and hormona...

The patient was a 11%-month-old white female infant, whose mother was gravida III, para III. The pregnancy was entirely normal, with no virus infections or irradiation during the first trimester. The patient had edema of the dorsa of the hands and feet at birth. When she was first seen at 23 months the edema of the hands had subsided and the skin was very lax. The dorsa of the feet still exhibi...

Disorders of sex development (DSD) are congenital conditions characterized by atypical development of chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic sex. 46, XY DSD can result from disorders of testicular development or disorders of androgen synthesis/action. Prophylactic gonadectomy should be considered in patients with 46, XY DSD because of the increased risk of gonadal malignancy. We report two rare c...

Atrazine is the most commonly used herbicide in the United States and probably the world. Atrazine contamination is widespread and can be present in excess of 1.0 ppb even in precipitation and in areas where it is not used. In the current study, we showed that atrazine exposure (> or = to 0.1 ppb) resulted in retarded gonadal development (gonadal dysgenesis) and testicular oogenesis (hermaphrod...

A non-fluorescent Y chromosome was observed in a phenotypic male with 45,X/46,XYq-mosaicism and mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Q-banding of the father's chromosomes showed a normally fluorescent Y. Measurements of the Y chromosomes in the father and the patient showed a significant difference in length. Evidence for translocation of the Y fluorescent segment to another chromosome was lacking in the ...