osteoporosis, characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to enlarged bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly people. the mortality rate in elderly persons with hip fracture approaches 20%. half of them will be disabled in the remained life. iranian multicenter osteoporosis ...

objective mental retardation (mr) or intellectual disability is one of three chronic and disabling neurological disorders of children and adolescents. its prevalence is estimated 1-3% of the population. mr is defined as significant sub-average intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior that become detectable before the age of 18. mr may come into view before 5 years as delay in at least two...

introduction: diet behavior plays an important role in non-communicable disease. the theme of world health day 2015 was “improve food safety from farm to plate (always and everywhere)”. the present study assessed the diets of employees at a medical university in tehran, iran on iran health day 2015. methods: this cross-sectional study assessed the diets of 468 employees of a medical university ...

shiffman has argued that some actors have a great deal of power in global health, and that more reflection is needed on whether such forms of power are legitimate. global health is a new and evolving field that builds upon the historical fields of public and international health, but is more multi-disciplinary and inter-disciplinary in nature. this article argues that the distribution of power ...

despite the mythology that the global economy with its trade rules creates a ‘level playing field,’ international trade has never involved ‘level players.’ the inequalities in outcomes generated by the more powerful winning more frequently has led to innovative ideas for ex post redistribution to make the matches between the players both fairer, and in the analogy to basketball used by the auth...

air conditioning refrigerant r134a has value of global warming potential (gwp) 1300, which is much higher than mac directive (gwp below 150) passed in july 2006. this prompted a search for alternative refrigerant with gwp value less than 150. r1234yf is a new refrigerant which has lower gwp value of 4. effect of blower speed has been compared and flammability issue of r1234yf has been addressed...

in the recent decades, urbanization has affected social, economical, cultural, political and physical aspects of human life-style. presentation of sustainable development as one of the goals of the third millennium is derived from the effects of cities on earth and on different aspects of human life. undoubtedly, talking about sustainability and sustainable development would be impossible witho...

in this paper, a new stage structured prey-predator model with linear functional response is proposed and studied. the stages for prey have been considered. the proposed mathematical model consists of three nonlinear ordinary differential equations to describe the interaction among juvenile prey, adult prey and predator populations. the model is analyzed by using linear stability analysis to ob...

non-communicable disease (ncd) accounts for a large and increasing burden of disease worldwide. it is currently estimated that ncds accounts for approximately 59% of global deaths and 43% of the global disease burden; this is projected to increase to 73% of deaths and 60% of disease burden by 2020. 1 in comparison, ncds in low- and middle-income populations accounts for 78% of the global ncd bu...

Drawing on an in-depth analysis of eight global health networks, a recent essay in this journal argued that global health networks face four challenges to their effectiveness: problem definition, positioning, coalition-building, and governance. While sharing the argument of the essay concerned, in this commentary, we argue that these analytical concepts can be used to explicate a concept that h...