We have analyzed the determinants of the Gini coefficient for income and expenditure. In both cases, we do not find support for the Kuznets inverted-U hypothesis. From economic globalization viewpoint, the opening of goods markets reduces income inequality both in the short run (the Gini coefficient for income) and in the long run (the Gini coefficient for expenditure). On the other hand, the o...

Gini index is a widely used measure of economic inequality. This article develops a theory and methodology for constructing a confidence interval for Gini index with a specified confidence coefficient and a specified width without assuming any specific distribution of the data. Fixed sample size methods cannot simultaneously achieve both specified confidence coefficient and fixed width. We deve...

background and purpose: utilization of health care services and food influence the health status. the food and health care expenditure ratios determine the importance level of them in household's consumption expenditures. we aimed to investigate the iranian rural and urban food and health expenditure ratios inequality during 1998 to 2012. materials and methods: this is a descriptive longit...

We introduce the ε-Gini-contamination multiple priors model in which the set of priors are those probability measures that are ‘close’ to a central P with respect to the relative Gini concentration index. We show that such preferences can be represented by a linear-mean-standard-deviation utility function on a restricted domain. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This paper surveys alternative ways of expressing the Gini mean difference and the Gini coefficient. It adds some new representations and new interpretations of Gini's mean difference and the Gini coefficient. All in all, there are over a dozen alternative ways of writing the Gini, which can be useful in developing applications to Gini-based statistics. Mailing Address: Department of Economics ...

The Gini measure of inequality can be written as the ratio of dyadic means. We define the conditional Gini as the ratio of conditional dyadic means. The conditional Gini shows how inequality varies with observables, both levels and differences. We illustrate the approach in a simple analytical example, and discuss how it compares to other techniques for attributing inequality to covariates. We ...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of income inequality and parental socioeconomic status on several birth outcomes in Japan. Data were collected on birth outcomes and parental socioeconomic status by questionnaire from Japanese parents nationwide (n = 41,499) and then linked to Gini coefficients at the prefectural level in 2001. In multilevel analysis, z scores of birth we...

On the 3 September 2016, China officially ratified the Paris agreement as the main global producer of carbon emissions. A key of China’s commitment is to reduce its carbon intensity by 60–65% between 2005 and 2030. An improved understanding of the inequality of carbon intensity at national-, inter-regional-, and intra-regional scale is a prerequisite for the development of a more cost-effective...

BACKGROUND Judo therapy is a well established Japanese co-medical profession specializing in outpatient manual treatment of fractures and sprains. Recently, the number of judo therapists has been rapidly increasing as a result of proliferation judo therapy academies. This study examines whether such rapid increases have improved geographical distribution of judo therapy facilities in Japan. M...