A common task in coal exploration is evaluating reserves by estimating some form of isopach map. Available machine-contouring packages, because of their gridding/contouring sequence, are generally unsatisfactory for this purpose. A different approach considers an isopach map as the difference between two complete digital models of the upper and lower surfaces involved. In addition, whereas a to...

This paper describes a new surface normal smoothing process which can be used in conjunction with shape-fromshading. Rather than directly smoothing the surface normal vectors, we exert control over their directions by smoothing the field of principal curvature vectors. To do this we develop a topography sensitive smoothing process which overcomes the problems of singularities in the field of pr...

Invasive alien species are among the most important, least controlled, and least reversible of human impacts on the world’s ecosystems, with negative consequences affecting biodiversity and socioeconomic systems. Species distribution models have become a fundamental tool in assessing the potential spread of invasive species in face of their native counterparts. In this study we compared two dif...

Nowadays more and more aesthetic product developments, assemblage and decoration designs are taking aesthetically appealing forms of natural objects such as rough terrain, ripples on lakes, coastline and seafloor topography. They are mathematical definable via fractal geometry theory and emerge to attract a lot of attention. However, not many methods for manufacturing of fractal objects have be...

In rift settings, the crustal stress field is dominated by extension, which leads to rift-parallel topography and basin alignments. However in some continental systems, observables of orientation principal stresses show substantial deviations from these patterns. Such rotations are currently poorly understood could reflect critical role magmatism creation topography, plate state-of-stress, volc...

any 3d seismic survey can have an acquisition footprint. acquisition footprint is an expression of the surface geometry (most common on land data) that leaves an imprint on the stack of 3d seismic data. often we recognize it as amplitude and phase variations on time slices, which of course display the amplitudes within our data set at a specified two way time (cordsen, 2004). on the other hand,...

Three-dimensional topography measurement is a focus area of precision machining because it provides detailed information on the functional behavior contacting surfaces. The purpose this study to analyze how process parameters and edge geometry cutting insert influence topographical characteristics hardened 16MnCr5 steel surfaces determine favorable combinations technology parameter values based...