Glutamate transport via the human excitatory amino acid transporters is coupled to the co-transport of three Na(+) ions, one H(+) and the counter-transport of one K(+) ion. Transport by an archaeal homologue of the human glutamate transporters, Glt(Ph), whose three dimensional structure is known is also coupled to three Na(+) ions but only two Na(+) ion binding sites have been observed in the c...

Glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in brain, is almost exclusively intracellular due to the action of the glutamate transporters in the plasma membranes. To study the localization and properties of these proteins, we have raised antibodies specifically recognizing parts of the sequences of two cloned rat glutamate transporters, GLT-1 (Pines et al., 1992) and GLAST (Storck et al., ...

It has been suggested that glutamate-induced excitotoxicity plays a central role in the development of motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The GLT-1 isoform of the glutamate transporter gene family is the most important transporter involved in keeping extracellular glutamate concentration below neurotoxic levels. Its loss and an increase in extracellular glutamate...

This correspondence presents a new factorization for linearphase biorthogonal perfect reconstruction (PR) FIR filter banks. Using this factorization, we propose a new family of lapped transform called the generalized lapped transform (GLT). Since the analysis and synthesis filters of the GLT are not restricted to be the time reverses of each other, they can offer more freedom to avoid blocking ...

Efficient excitatory transmission depends on a family of transporters that use the Na(+)-electrochemical gradient to maintain low synaptic concentrations of glutamate. These transporters consume substantial energy in the spatially restricted space of fine astrocytic processes. GLT-1 (EAAT2) mediates the bulk of this activity in forebrain. To date, relatively few proteins have been identified th...

Methamphetamine (METH) is one of the psychostimulants that is co-abused with ethanol. Repeated exposure to high dose of METH has been shown to cause increases in extracellular glutamate concentration. We have recently reported that ethanol exposure can also increase the extracellular glutamate concentration and downregulate the expression of glutamate transporter subtype 1 (GLT-1). GLT-1 is a g...

In this talk, based on the generalized locally Toeplitz (GLT) theory, we present a framework to construct an algebraic multigrid (AMG) solver for matrices with Toeplitz structure. We recall the basics of the AMG algorithm and of the GLT theory, together with the properties of a Toeplitz matrix. Based on GLT we show how to construct an AMG solver for such matrices (GLT-MG) and discuss its main a...

BACKGROUND Clearance of synaptically released glutamate, and hence termination of glutamatergic neurotransmission, is carried out by glutamate transporters, most especially glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) and the glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST) that are located in astrocytes. It is becoming increasingly well appreciated that changes in the function and expression of GLT-1 and GLAST occu...

Hypoxia and/or ischemia are implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. In these diseases, hypoxia/ischemia may induce oxidative stress, including production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which result in a decrease in glutamate transporter expression. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as the third gasotransmitter, has neuroprotective effects and potent antioxidant properties. In the present study, we ...

Visceral pain is the most common reason for physician visits in US. Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter and mediates visceral nociceptive neuro-transmission and hypersensitivity. Removal of extracellular glutamate is predominantly mediated by glial glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1). The pharmacological approach to up-regulate GLT-1 by 1 week administration of ceftriaxone (CTX) has ...